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coup d’état by the CAPSAT unit, which overthrew sitting President Andry Rajoelina and led to the establishment of the Council of the Presidency for the Re-Foundation of the Republic. The protests were triggered by frequent water and power outages in the capital city Antananarivo, and spread across Madagascar.[13] At least 22 people, including protesters and civilians, were killed due to the security forces’ response and the violence involved in looting and general disorder.

Rajoelina initially responded by removing the Minister for Energy on 26 September, and then announced the dissolution of the government of Prime Minister Christian Ntsay on 29 September.[14][15] On 6 October 2025, Rajoelina appointed military general Ruphin Zafisambo as the new Prime Minister.[16] On 11 October, units of the Madagascar Armed Forces carried out a coup d’état in support of the protests.[17] Rajoelina, who held French citizenship, fled the country with apparent assistance from the French Air Force.

Background

Madagascar is located off the coast of East Africa in the Indian Ocean. The World Bank estimated that in 2022, out of a country of 30 million 75% of the population lived below the poverty line.[18] Incumbent Rajoelina, who had dominated the country’s politics since its 2009 political crisis, and was re-elected in 2023[19] in an opposition boycotted vote, had been blamed for much of the country’s recent economic woes.[20][21]

While the capital of Antananarivo had regularly seen widespread power outages and water cuts that lasted for up to 12 hours at a time,[22] the government would invest in high-profile projects, such as a $152 million cable car in Antananarivo spanning 13 kilometers. Rajoelina defended the project, using the early criticisms of the Eiffel Tower as a justification.[23]

Rajoelina, also a citizen of France, had become a focal point of public resentment due to his family’s visible wealth and privileges. His daughter Ilona Rajoelina was often seen wearing designer brands, while his son Arena Rajoelina reportedly attended the expensive EHL hospitality school in Lausanne, Switzerland. [24] Viral TikTok videos by local influencers such as GasyBaddhie and BasedMerina denounced the president’s luxurious lifestyle, drawing parallels to international examples such as Shrinkhala Khatiwada, former Miss Nepal and daughter of an ex-health minister, whose activities had sparked public backlash.[25]

Origin

The protests were rooted in historical grievances but triggered by a cascade of smaller protests leading to further unrest. On 15 September 2025, Transparency International helped organize a small rally known as Democrasia Mainty in Ambohijatovo, Antananarivo.[26]

On 18 September 2025, politicians Clémence Raharinirina and Baba Faniry Rakotoarisoa publicly called for mass protests in front of the Senate in Anosy to denounce chronic power outages, water cuts, and systemic corruption in public utilities.[27] Their movement was named Tsy Manaiky Lembenana (“We Refuse to Be Trampled”) and Leo Delestage (“Fed up with load shedding”).[28]

Following this, a Facebook page named Gen Z Madagascar emerged as the primary organizing hub for the movement, rapidly gaining over 100,000 followers in five days.[29] Its logo draws inspiration from the manga One Piece, replacing the traditional straw hat with a Malagasy-style hat.[18][22]

Timeline

On September 24, 2025, Rajoelina and his delegation were in New York City for the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly where he delivered a speech.[30] Although some local governments banned protests on the grounds that they could lead to greater unrest, demonstrations took place in the capital, Antananarivo, as well as in provincial towns such as Toamasina, Antsirabe, Toliara, and Antsiranana on September 25, 2025. A large gendarmerie unit was seen in the early hours in the capital, cordoning off certain areas to protestors.[28][31][32]

25 September

Thousands of young people attempted to gather at Ambohijatovo, historically designated as the “Place of Democracy” by Rajoelina himself 2009. Police blocked all access points, preventing assembly. Protesters then tried to reach the square from multiple neighborhoods, including Antsahabe, Faravohitra, Anosy, and Ambatonakanga, but each route was met with heavy police presence with tear gas bombs and rubber bullets. Despite these obstacles, the city saw widespread marches of students chanting slogans such as “Mitsangana ry Tanora” (a nationalist rally song) and “Andry Rajoelina Masosopory,” a parody of Rajoelina’s election campaign song in 2018. From the second week, the “Miala pory Rajoelina (Step down, Rajoelina)” song was called by some “the official hymn of the protest”.[33] Protestors flew Malagasy flags as well as flags featuring the Straw Hat Jolly Roger from the One Piece franchise.[32]

At 10:45 a.m. (UTC+3), the first shots of tear gas were used by police, led by Colonel Tojo Raoilijon. Police used tear gas and rubber bullets throughout the day.[32] Protestors set up barricades and burned tires and rocks. Three homes of politicians close to Rajoelina were set ablaze by rioters, including the house of Senator Lalatiana Rakotondrazafy and MP Naivo Raholdina.[34] Looting at various retail, bank, and appliance establishments in Antananarivo began to take place in the afternoon, beginning in Anosibe with the burning of a train station. Looters set ablaze a hotel, a bank, and stations of the country’s cable car system.[32][35] According to a hospital source, five people died, all bearing AK-47 gunfire wounds, and an unknown number were injured.[31] Outside of the city, the offices of Jirama, the national electricity and water provider, were attacked by protestors.[32] The rally in Antsirabe and Toamasina also devolved into looting and vandalism.[28][36]

Antananarivo police prefect Angelo Ravelonarivo announced a curfew lasting from 7 p.m. (UTC+3), to 5 a.m. the next day.[32] Despite the protests initially dispersing, they spread into various parts of the capital. National Police chief Danny Marius Rakotoarimanana warned that authorities would “take firm preventive…measures against those tempted to break the law.”[13][19]

26 September

In Antsirabe, protesters gathered at the city’s train station at around 10 a.m. (UTC+3) before being dispersed with tear gas by police. By noon, looting had begun to occur against commercial buildings in the city, with limited police presence since most officers had been redeployed to Antananarivo.[37] Around 4 p.m., the death of Jean-Jacques Rabenirinia, the member of parliament for Betioky from the opposition group Firaisankina and Dean of the National Assembly, was announced, after he succumbed to his injuries from an accident. His vehicle had been struck by a truck at a barricade erected by protesters.[38]

During his address starting at 7:30p.m., live from New York City (where he was attending the United Nations General Assembly), Rajoelina announced the dismissal of Jean-Baptiste Olivier, the Minister of Energy and Hydrocarbons, under the pretext that he “was not doing his job”.[39] Rajoelina further condemned the violence which occurred after the protests as “acts of destabilization”[40] and accused opposition politicians of taking advantage of the protests in an attempt to orchestrate a coup.[41]

Six people, including a university student, were reportedly killed in clashes with police across Antsiranana. Thirty people were also injured.[42]

27 September

Protesters continued to gather in Antananarivo, with some wearing colored straw hats as a symbol of resistance.[40] Rajoelina returned from New York, and summoned a meeting of military and police commanders to deploy military and security forces to secure fuel stations and storage, along with commercial areas.[43]

Student-led gatherings were organized in six major cities across Madagascar, with protesters complaining of difficult living conditions and demanding equitable study conditions, specifically calling for the same opportunities as the children of Malagasy leaders who study abroad. In Antananarivo, security forces pushed back the protesters using AK-47s and tear gas all along General Charles-de-Gaulle Avenue in Tsiadana, up to the Ankatso campus of the University of Antananarivo. This crackdown sparked additional outrage due to the presence, along this avenue, of the Mpitsabo Mikambanana 24/24 private hospital, one of the most prestigious medical institutions in the country.[44]

Curfews ranging from 7/8 p.m. to 4/5 a.m. were announced outside Antananarivo, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Antsirabe and Toliara.[45]

29 September

Student associations called for a general mobilization, and demanded the release of protesters arrested on 27 September on top of their initial denouncement of the water and electricity cuts.[46] As the group of students marched from the University of Antananarivo campus towards the Ambohijatovo neighborhood, they were blocked by security forces who attempted to disperse and push back the protesters with tear gas. Protesters also began demanding the resignation of Rajoelina.[47]

As protests continued, Rajoelina announced that he would dissolve the government (under Prime Minister Christian Ntsay), and provided a three-day period for choosing a new prime minister.[14][15] MP Antoine Rajerison [mg] was arrested by security forces.[47] The curfew in Antananarivo was adjusted to be from 8 p.m. to 4 a.m.[48]

According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 22 people had been killed and 100 injured throughout the course of the protests, including both those killed by security forces and those killed in the looting and general violence by looters and gangs.[49] The Malagasy Ministry of Foreign Affairs rejected this figure.[50]

30 September

Protesters called for another rally to be held in Antananarivo starting on 11 a.m. EAT.[51] Thousands of protesters gathered in Antananarivo’s Ambohijatovo Square, with some protesters having travelled from provincial towns to join the protest.[52] In one incident, Senate President Richard Ravalomanana‘s car was accosted by protesters, which led him to disembark from his vehicle and pursue the protesters on foot.[53] There were also reports of violence against journalists including Mendrika Razafindratsima and Leonardjo Andriamparany, brutalized by GSIS forces in the afternoon in Ambohijatovo.[54]

1 October

Protests spread to other cities and towns, including Toliara, some 925 kilometres (575 mi) south of Antananarivo.[2] The government accused the demonstrators of vandalism and of promoting a coup d’état.[2] Opposition leader Rivo Rakotovao announced that his party and allies would not join any government under the leadership of Rajoelina and asked him to step down.[2][55]

Labour unions began joining protests, and calls were made for a general strike. Protests on 1 October were relatively contained by police forces, and violence was much lower than in the previous days.[56][57] Rajoelina met with foreign diplomats at the presidential palace on 1 October, and presidential spokesperson Lova Ranoromaro claimed that protesters had largely dispersed “without a clear leader emerging”.[57] Pro-Rajoelina groups began announcing that they would hold counter-protests.[58]

5 October

Counter-protesters only numbered in the hundreds.[59]

6 October

A close advisor to the president, businessman Mamy Ravatomanga has been vilified since the start of the protests for his control over the Malagasy economy and politics, his close ties to President Rajoelina, and his involvement in the repression of the population through a private security company belonging to his conglomerate, which some have described as a militia.[60][61][62]

In a televised address on October 6, 2025, he rejected all the accusations, stating that all legal proceedings against him had been dropped.[60][62]

7 October

Police used tear gas on hundreds of protesters. A march was stopped by a barricade. One man was hospitalized. The United Nations criticized the police and the usage of live ammunition.[63][64]

8 October

Rajoelina offered talks, but the protesters rejected them as long as protests were being suppressed.[65] Rajoelina called the protests a coup.[66]

9 October

Stun grenades, tear gas and rubber bullets were used on protesters.[67]

12 October

A contingent of the Malagasy military (CAPSAT) mutinied and called for the military to back and protect the protestors, encountering little resistance as it took control of central Antananarivo.[68]

13 October

CAPSAT announced it had seized control of all military forces.[69] Rajoelina fled the country.[70]

14 October

Rajoelina issued a decree dissolving the National Assembly that was scheduled to launch impeachment measures against him.[71] Despite this, the National Assembly proceeded to impeach him with 130 votes in favor and one blank vote. At the same time, protests were held in Antananarivo denouncing Rajoelina as a French stooge due to his dual citizenship and support from Paris. Several protesters carried Malagasy flags and the Straw Hat Pirates’ Jolly Roger flag from the manga series One Piece.[72] After the vote, Colonel Michael Randrianirina declared that all state institutions were being dissolved, except for the National Assembly.[73][74]

17 October

Colonel Michael Randrianirina was inaugurated as interim president.[75]

20 October

President Michael Randrianirina appointed businessman Herintsalama Rajaonarivelo to be his prime minister, however this action was met with criticism from Gen Z Mada, who claimed that it was done in a “non-transparent” manner and “without consultation”.[76] The opposition to the appointment stemmed from the questionable connection Rajaonarivelo had with the previous administration.[76]

Reactions

The Council of Christian Churches in Madagascar (FFKM) issued a statement calling for an end to violence, looting, and destruction of property, while also noting that “the population must enjoy its most basic rights, those of having electricity and drinking water”.[77] African Union Chairperson Mahamoud Ali Youssouf called for restraint and calm.[78] Pope Leo XIV released a statement decrying violence and asking for social harmony, the promotion of justice and the common good.[2]

Reporters Without Borders denounced “police violence against at least three journalists” on 25 September,[79] and Amnesty International condemned the “unlawful and excessive force used by state security officials” and called for investigations into the deaths.[80] The United Nations secretary general expressed sadness at the violence.[81]

On 13 October 2025, French president Emmanuel Macron expressed concern over the political crisis in Madagascar, emphasizing the need to respect the constitutional order and institutional continuity, supporting the actions of the African Union and SADC, and warning against any use of youth for political or military purposes. He commented on reports that President Andry Rajoelina had boarded a French military plane to Réunion before leaving for another destination with his family, stating, “I cannot confirm anything today,” while speaking to the press from Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, during a summit on the Gaza peace agreement.[82][83]

Impact

On 26 September, school officials in Antananarivo announced that schools in the city would be closed until order was restored. In much of the city, schools were closed early on 25 September when tear gas began to seep into the schools.[84] Gas stations were also closed in Antananarivo after a surge of panic buying by drivers.[85] Supermarkets and modern retail stores were also closed in fear of looters for several days, resulting in shortages of packaged products such as diapers and bottled water. Losses due to looting at retail stores were projected in the billions of ariary.[86] Local newspaper Midi Madagasikara warned of potential mass layoffs due to losses caused by the looting.[87]

A large number of flights to and from Antananarivo’s Ivato International Airport were cancelled, leaving many international tourists stranded.[88] Air France suspended flights between Paris and Antananarivo from October 11 to October 13, inclusive.[89]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Including non-protesters and those killed by rioters and looters.

References

  1. ↑ “Madagascar’s military coup leader says he’s the president now”. CBC News. Associated Press. 15 October 2025. Retrieved 18 October 2025. Tuesday … capping weeks of protests
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Rabary, Lovasoa (1 October 2025). “Madagascar protesters demand president’s resignation in fifth day of rallies”. Reuters. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  3. ↑ Hardelain, Céline (30 September 2025). “Madagascar : un téléphérique flambant neuf qui fait polémique (Podcast)”. Free Dom. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
  4. ↑ “« Leo Délestage » dégénère en pillages : la préfecture instaure un couvre-feu”. NewsMada. 26 September 2025. Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
  5. ↑ Rabary, Lovasoa; Cocks, Tim; Paravicini, Giulia (13 October 2025). “Madagascar’s president has left the country after Gen Z protests, officials say”. Reuters. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  6. ↑ Kappès-Grangé, Anne (11 October 2025). “Appel à la mutinerie à Madagascar : ce que l’on sait de la situation”. Jeune Afrique. Retrieved 4 August 2025.
  7. ↑ “Madagascar army contingent calls on security forces to ‘refuse orders’“. TRTAfrika. Retrieved 4 August 2025.
  8. ↑ “Video. « Mamy Ravatomanga et Andry Rajoelina ont chacun une milice », selon un politologue français”. Koolsaina. 1 October 2025. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
  9. ↑ “La Gen Z Madagascar présente au pouvoir la facture de son arrogance”. Madagascar-Tribune. 27 September 2025. Archived from the original on 1 October 2025. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
  10. ↑ “Madagascar’s president dismisses cabinet as blackout protests turn deadly”. 30 September 2025. Archived from the original on 1 October 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  11. 1 2 Rabary, Lova (26 September 2025). “Curfew declared in Madagascar capital after violent protests”. Reuters. Retrieved 27 September 2025.
  12. ↑ “Madagascar: UN Human Rights Chief shocked by violent response to electricity and water protests”. Archived from the original on 29 September 2025. Retrieved 29 September 2025.
  13. 1 2 “Curfew Declared in Madagascar Capital After Violent Protests”. Archived from the original on 28 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  14. 1 2 “Madagascar president sacks government over deadly d”. Le Monde. 29 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  15. 1 2 Kyekyeku, Kofi Oppong (30 September 2025). “Deadly youth-led protests force Madagascar’s president to fire the prime minister and his government”. Face2Face Africa. Archived from the original on 30 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  16. ↑ “Madagascar president names military general as new prime minister”. Reuters. 6 October 2025. Retrieved 6 October 2025.
  17. ↑ “France evacuates Madagascar president amid protests and army revolt”. RFI. 13 October 2025.
  18. 1 2 Najjar, Farah. “Madagascar imposes curfew after violent protests against water, power cuts”. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 25 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  19. 1 2 “Curfew declared in Madagascar capital after violent protests over water, power shortages”. The Straits Times. 26 September 2025. ISSN 0585-3923. Archived from the original on 25 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  20. ↑ “Madagascar Police Fire Tear Gas At Protest Over Power, Water Cuts”. Barron’s. AFP. Archived from the original on 28 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  21. ↑ “A Madagascar, des gaz lacrymogènes envoyés sur des manifestants dénonçant les coupures d’eau et d’électricité” (in French). 25 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  22. 1 2 “Madagascar imposes nighttime curfew after violent protests over water and power cuts”. SFGATE.
  23. ↑ “Madagascar’s capital launches cable cars to ease traffic jam”. Africanews. 23 June 2024. Archived from the original on 21 May 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  24. ↑ “VIDEO. La polémique Arena Rajoelina et les frais exorbitants de sa scolarité”. KoolSaina.com (in French). 10 February 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  25. ↑ “Ex-Miss Nepal Shrinkhala Khatiwada loses nearly 100,000 Instagram followers amid ‘nepo baby’ fury”. Hindustan Times. 10 September 2025. Archived from the original on 10 September 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  26. ↑ “Transparency International Madagascar : Appel à une mobilisation citoyenne pour une démocratie vivante”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 16 September 2025. Archived from the original on 16 September 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  27. ↑ “Madagascar: vague d’indignation après l’arrestation de deux conseillers municipaux d’Antananarivo”. RFI (in French). 20 September 2025. Archived from the original on 21 September 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  28. 1 2 3 “Mouvement « Leo délestage » : Vague de manifestations dans les grandes villes”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 26 September 2025. Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025.
  29. ↑ “Why is Gen Z protesting in Madagascar?”. BBC. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  30. ↑ “Madagascar – President Addresses General Debate, 80th Session | UN Audiovisual Library”. 24 September 2025. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  31. 1 2 “Madagascar: les Tananariviens défient l’interdiction et manifestent contre les coupures d’eau et d’électricité”. RFI (in French). 25 September 2025. Archived from the original on 25 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tétaud, Sarah (25 September 2025). “Madagascar imposes nighttime curfew after violent protests over water and power cuts”. AP News. Archived from the original on 25 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  33. ↑ MIALA PORY RAJOELINA – HIRA FANEVA OFISIALY. YouTube. Retrieved 18 October 2025.
  34. ↑ “Manifestations anti-délestage à Antananarivo : arrestations et affrontements avec les forces de l’ordre”. Linfo.re. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  35. ↑ “Manifestation Dans La Capitale – De la contestation au pillage”. L’Express de Madagascar (in French). 26 September 2025. Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025.
  36. ↑ “Grève Dans la Capitale – Fermeture en chaîne des commerces l’après-midi”. L’Express de Madagascar (in French). 26 September 2025. Archived from the original on 27 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025.
  37. ↑ “Antsirabe : Les magasins des Karana pris pour cible par les manifestants”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 26 September 2025. Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025.
  38. ↑ “Necrologie – le député Jean Jacques Rabenirina décède dans un accident de circulation”. 27 September 2025.
  39. ↑ “Madagascar sacks energy minister after repeated power cuts spark protests”. France 24. 26 September 2025. Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved 27 September 2025.
  40. 1 2 “Protesters gather again in Madagascar”. RFI. 27 September 2025. Archived from the original on 1 October 2025. Retrieved 27 September 2025.
  41. ↑ “Délestage et coupures d’eau : Andry Rajoelina annonce le limogeage du ministre de l’Energie”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 27 September 2025. Archived from the original on 27 September 2025. Retrieved 28 September 2025.
  42. ↑ “Manifestations à Antsiranana : Six morts, une trentaine de personnes blessées”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 27 September 2025. Archived from the original on 27 September 2025. Retrieved 28 September 2025.
  43. ↑ “Forces armées : Andry Rajoelina remobilise les troupes”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 29 September 2025. Archived from the original on 29 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  44. ↑ “Madagascar: nouvelle journée de mobilisation après les violences”. RFI (in French). 27 September 2025. Archived from the original on 27 September 2025. Retrieved 27 September 2025.
  45. ↑ “Mahajanga, Toamasina, Antsirabe ,Toliara et Antananarivo : Couvre-feu étendu dans plusieurs grandes villes”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 27 September 2025. Retrieved 28 September 2025.
  46. ↑ “Association des étudiants et Gen Z : Appel à une mobilisation générale, ce jour”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 29 September 2025. Archived from the original on 29 September 2025. Retrieved 29 September 2025.
  47. 1 2 “Ankatso – Tsiadana : Face-à-face étudiants-forces de l’ordre hier”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 30 September 2025. Archived from the original on 30 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  48. ↑ “OMC-NAT : Antananarivo ville : Couvre-feu de 20h à 4h du matin”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 30 September 2025. Archived from the original on 30 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  49. ↑ “Madagascar: UN Human Rights Chief shocked by violent response to electricity and water protests”. OHCHR. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
  50. ↑ “Madagascar’s president dissolves government after ‘Gen Z’ protests”. BBC News. 29 September 2025. Archived from the original on 29 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  51. ↑ “Madagascar protesters mobilise despite firing of government”. France 24. 30 September 2025. Archived from the original on 30 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  52. ↑ “Ambohijatovo : Investi par des milliers de manifestants”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 1 October 2025. Archived from the original on 1 October 2025. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  53. ↑ “Tension politique : Le président du Sénat conspué à Ambatonakanga”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 1 October 2025. Archived from the original on 1 October 2025. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  54. ↑ “Agression de journalistes: l’OJM condamne et exige des sanctions”. Newsmada (in French). 26 September 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  55. ↑ “Madagascar, Maroc : Gen Z en quête de justice et d’un meilleur partage des richesses” (Video). Radio France (in French). 1 October 2025. Archived from the original on 1 October 2025. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  56. ↑ “Une accalmie dans le mouvement de contestation”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 2 October 2025. Archived from the original on 7 October 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  57. 1 2 “Mass protests and strikes grip Madagascar amid calls for president to resign”. France 24. 1 October 2025. Archived from the original on 2 October 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  58. ↑ “Manifestation publique : Les partisans d’Andry Rajoelina préparent une contre-offensive”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 2 October 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  59. ↑ “Madagascar’s President Andry Rajoelina loses the battle for the streets”. Le Monde. 5 October 2025. Archived from the original on 5 October 2025. Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  60. 1 2 “Contestations à Madagascar : Mamy Ravatomanga, puissant homme d’affaires, répond aux accusations répétées de la GenZ”. rfi.fr. 7 October 2025.
  61. ↑ “Mamy Ravatomanga : « Je ne serai pas candidat à la présidentielle de 2028 »”. Midi Madagasikara. 7 October 2025.
  62. 1 2 “Maminiaina Ravatomanga, dit « Mamy », « Monsieur (dé)loyal » du cirque électoral”. Mondafrique. 11 October 2025.
  63. ↑ “Madagascar president appoints army general as PM to defuse protests”. France 24. 6 October 2025. Archived from the original on 7 October 2025. Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  64. ↑ “Comment by UN Human Rights Office spokesperson Seif Magango ahead of elections in Madagascar”. OHCHR. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
  65. ↑ Rabary, Lovasoa (8 October 2025). “Madagascar president holds talks spurned by protesters”. Reuters. Retrieved 8 October 2025.
  66. ↑ “How Gen Z protesters brought down Madagascar’s government and now want the president out”. Boston Herald. 8 October 2025. Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  67. ↑ Rogers, Abby. “Police fire tear gas, rubber bullets as Madagascar protesters rally”. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  68. ↑ “Madagascar : l’armée se mutine, le président Rajoelina a quitté Antananarivo”. JeuneAfrique (in French). Retrieved 11 October 2025.
  69. ↑ “Madagascar’s President Andry Rajoelina faces impeachment threat amid reports he has fled”. BBC News. 13 October 2025.
  70. ↑ “Madagascar : le président Andry Rajoelina a quitté le pays”. France 24 (in French). 13 October 2025. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  71. ↑ “Madagascar’s president dissolves national assembly, sparking anger among protesters”. Africanews. 14 October 2025. Retrieved 14 October 2025.
  72. ↑ “Madagascar’s National Assembly votes to impeach president”. Channel News Asia. 14 October 2025. Retrieved 14 October 2025.
  73. ↑ “Madagascar’s president dissolves national assembly as crisis escalates”. Reuters. 14 October 2025. Retrieved 15 October 2025.
  74. ↑ “Madagascar’s military takes power, says colonel”. Club of Mozambique. 14 October 2025. Retrieved 15 October 2025.
  75. ↑ “Military leader sworn in as Madagascar’s new president”. Al Jazeera English. 17 October 2025.
  76. 1 2 “Madagascar Gen Z protesters angry at choice of new PM Rajaonarivelo”. www.bbc.com. 21 October 2025. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
  77. ↑ “Manifestation du 25 septembre : Le FFKM appelle au dialogue – À lire”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 27 September 2025. Archived from the original on 27 September 2025. Retrieved 27 September 2025.
  78. ↑ “AUC Chairperson Calls for Restraint and Dialogue in Madagascar”. African Union. Archived from the original on 30 September 2025. Retrieved 29 September 2025.
  79. ↑ “Madagascar: incendies, gaz lacrymogènes et foule en colère contre le pouvoir dans la capitale”. TV5 Monde (in French). 25 September 2025. Retrieved 27 September 2025.
  80. ↑ “Madagascar: Authorities must launch investigations into deadly force used against Gen Z protesters”. Amnesty International. 2 October 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  81. ↑ “UN chief ‘deeply saddened’ by deadly protests in Madagascar”. UN News. 8 October 2025. Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  82. ↑ “Crise politique à Madagascar : le président contesté dans la rue se trouve “en lieu sûr”, Macron exprime sa “grande préoccupation”“. TF1 Info. 14 October 2025. Retrieved 14 October 2025.
  83. ↑ “Emmanuel Macron exprime sa « grande préoccupation » sur la situation à Madagascar”. CNEWS. 14 October 2025. Retrieved 14 October 2025.
  84. ↑ “Manifestations : Fermeture de nombreux établissements scolaires à Tana”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 26 September 2025. Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025.
  85. ↑ “Carburant : Fermeture des stations-service dans la capitale – Economie”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 27 September 2025. Archived from the original on 27 September 2025. Retrieved 28 September 2025.
  86. ↑ “Fermeture des grandes surfaces : Les consommateurs se rabattent sur les marchés de quartier”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 30 September 2025. Archived from the original on 30 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  87. ↑ “Emploi : Risque de licenciement massif à Antananarivo”. Midi Madagasikara (in French). 1 October 2025. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  88. ↑ “‘Ga niet naar Madagaskar op vakantie’, Nederland past reisadvies aan na dodelijke rellen in hoofdstad”. ad.nl (in Dutch). 29 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  89. ↑ “Air France suspends flights to Madagascar amid security concerns”. Reuters. 12 October 2025.