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Bismuth (83Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from 184Bi to 224Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one naturally occurring, very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given from that isotope, bismuth-209. Though it is now known to be radioactive, it may still be considered practically stable because it has a half-life of 2.01×1019 years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe.

Besides 209Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes are 210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, 208Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and 207Bi, with a half-life of 31.22 years, none of which occur in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 15 days, most under two hours. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic 210Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days. 210mBi is unusual for being a nuclear isomer with a half-life many orders of magnitude longer than that of the ground state.

List of isotopes


Nuclide
[n 1] 		Historic
name 		Z N Isotopic mass (Da)[4]
[n 2][n 3] 		Discovery
year[5][6] 		Half-life[1]
[n 4] 		Decay
mode[1]
[n 5] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 6] 		Spin and
parity[1]
[n 7][n 8] 		Isotopic
abundance
Excitation energy[n 8]


184Bi 83 101 184.001347(131)# 2003 6.6(1.5) ms α 180Tl 3+#
184mBi[n 9] 150(100) keV 2003 13(2) ms α 180Tl 10−#
185Bi[7] 83 102 184.99760(9)# 1996 2.8+2.3
−1.0 μs 		p (92%) 184Pb (1/2+)
α (8%) 181Tl
185mBi 70(50) keV 2021 58(2) μs IT 185Bi (7/2−, 9/2−)
186Bi 83 103 185.996623(18) 1997 14.8(7) ms α (99.99%) 182Tl (3+)
β+ (?%) 186Pb
β+, SF (0.011%) (various)
186mBi[n 9] 170(100) keV 1997 9.8(4) ms α (99.99%) 182Tl (10−)
β+ (?%) 186Pb
β+, SF (0.011%) (various)
187Bi 83 104 186.993147(11) 1999 37(2) ms α 183Tl (9/2−)
187m1Bi 108(8) keV 1999 370(20) μs α 183Tl 1/2+
187m2Bi 252(3) keV 2002 7(5) μs IT 187Bi (13/2+)
188Bi 83 105 187.992276(12) 1980 60(3) ms α 184Tl (3+)
β+, SF (0.0014%) (various)
188m1Bi 66(30) keV 2006 >5 μs 7+#
188m2Bi 153(30) keV 1997 265(15) ms α 184Tl (10−)
β+, SF (0.0046%) (various)
189Bi 83 106 188.989195(22) 1973 688(5) ms α 185Tl 9/2−
189m1Bi 184(5) keV 1993 5.0(1) ms α (83%) 185Tl 1/2+
IT (17%) 189Bi
189m2Bi 357.6(5) keV 2001 880(50) ns IT 189Bi 13/2+
190Bi 83 107 189.988625(23) 1972 6.3(1) s α (77%) 186Tl (3+)
β+ (23%) 190Pb
β+, SF (6×10−6%) (various)
190m1Bi 120(40) keV 1988 6.2(1) s α (70%) 186Tl 10−
β+ (30%) 190Pb
β+, SF (4×10−6%) (various)
190m2Bi 121(15) keV 2009 175(8) ns IT 190Bi (5−)
190m3Bi 394(40) keV 2001 1.3(8) μs IT 190Bi (8−)
191Bi 83 108 190.985787(8) 1972 12.4(3) s α (51%) 187Tl 9/2−
β+ (49%) 191Pb
191m1Bi 242(4) keV 1981 125(8) ms α (68%) 187Tl 1/2+
IT (?%) 191Bi
β+ (?%) 191Pb
191m2Bi 429.7(5) keV 2004 562(10) ns IT 191Bi 13/2+
191m3Bi 1875(25) keV 2004 400(40) ns IT 191Bi 25/2-#
192Bi 83 109 191.98547(3) 1970 34.6(9) s β+ (88%) 192Pb (3+)
α (12%) 188Tl
192mBi 140(30) keV 1987 39.6(4) s β+ (90%) 192Pb 10−
α (10%) 188Tl
193Bi 83 110 192.982947(8) 1970 63.6(30) s β+ (96.5%) 193Pb 9/2−
α (3.5%) 189Tl
193m1Bi 305(6) keV 1971 3.20(14) s α (84%) 189Tl 1/2+
β+ (16%) 193Pb
193m2Bi 605.53(18) keV 2004 153(10) ns IT 193Bi 13/2+
193m3Bi 2349.6(6) keV 2004 85(3) μs IT 193Bi 29/2+
193m4Bi 2405.1(7) keV 2004 3.02(8) μs IT 193Bi (29/2−)
194Bi 83 111 193.982799(6) 1970 95(3) s β+ (99.54%) 194Pb 3+
α (0.46%) 190Tl
194m1Bi 150(50) keV 1976 125(2) s β+ 194Pb (6+, 7+)
194m2Bi 163(4) keV 1988 115(4) s β+ (99.80%) 194Pb (10−)
α (0.20%) 190Tl
195Bi 83 112 194.980649(6) 1970 183(4) s β+ (99.97%) 195Pb 9/2−
α (0.030%) 191Tl
195m1Bi 399(6) keV 1974 87(1) s β+ (67%) 195Pb 1/2+
α (33%) 191Tl
195m2Bi 2381.0(5) keV 1986 614(5) ns IT 195Bi (29/2−)
195m3Bi 2615.9(5) keV 2015 1.49(1) μs IT 195Bi 29/2+
196Bi 83 113 195.980667(26) 1976 5.13(20) min β+ 196Pb (3+)
α (0.00115%) 192Tl
196m1Bi 166.4(29) keV 1987 0.6(5) s IT 196Bi (7+)
196m2Bi 272(3) keV 1987 4.00(5) min β+ (74.2%) 196Pb (10−)
IT (25.8%) 196Bi
α (3.8×10−4%) 196Bi
197Bi 83 114 196.978865(9) 1970 9.33(50) min β+ 197Pb 9/2−
197m1Bi 533(12) keV 1991 5.04(16) min α (55%) 193Tl 1/2+
β+ (45%) 197Pb
197m2Bi 2403(12) keV 1986 263(13) ns IT 197Bi (29/2−)
197m3Bi 2929.5(5) keV 1986 209(30) ns IT 197Bi (31/2−)
198Bi 83 115 197.979201(30) 1950 10.3(3) min β+ 198Pb 3+
198m1Bi 290(40) keV 1992 11.6(3) min β+ 198Pb 7+
198m2Bi 540(40) keV 1972 7.7(5) s IT 198Bi 10−
199Bi 83 116 198.977673(11) 1950 27(1) min β+ 199Pb 9/2−
199m1Bi 667(3) keV 1964 24.70(15) min β+ (>98%) 199Pb (1/2+)
IT (<2%) 199Bi
α (0.01%) 195Tl
199m2Bi 1962(23) keV 1985 0.10(3) μs IT 199Bi 25/2+#
199m3Bi 2548(23) keV 1985 168(13) ns IT 199Bi 29/2−#
200Bi 83 117 199.978131(24) 1950 36.4(5) min β+ 200Pb 7+
200m1Bi[n 9] 100(70) keV (1978)[n 10] 31(2) min β+ (?%) 200Pb (2+)
IT (?%) 200Bi
200m2Bi 428.20(10) keV 1972 400(50) ms IT 200Bi (10−)
201Bi 83 118 200.976995(13) 1950 103(3) min β+ 201Pb 9/2−
201m1Bi 846.35(18) keV 1950 57.5(21) min β+ 201Pb 1/2+
α (?%) 197Tl
201m2Bi 1973(23) keV 1982 118(28) ns IT 201Bi 25/2+#
201m3Bi 2012(23) keV 1985 105(75) ns IT 201Bi 27/2+#
201m4Bi 2781(23) keV 1982 124(4) ns IT 201Bi 29/2−#
202Bi 83 119 201.977723(15) 1951 1.72(5) h β+ 202Pb 5+
α (<10−5%) 198Tl
202m1Bi 625(12) keV 1981 3.04(6) μs IT 202Bi 10−#
202m2Bi 2617(12) keV 1981 310(50) ns IT 202Bi (17+)
203Bi 83 120 202.976892(14) 1950 11.76(5) h β+ 203Pb 9/2−
203m1Bi 1098.21(9) keV 1982 305(5) ms IT 203Bi 1/2+
203m2Bi 2041.5(6) keV 1978 194(30) ns IT 203Bi 25/2+
204Bi 83 121 203.977836(10) 1947 11.22(10) h β+ 204Pb 6+
204m1Bi 805.5(3) keV 1974 13.0(1) ms IT 204Bi 10−
204m2Bi 2833.4(11) keV 1974 1.07(3) ms IT 204Bi 17+
205Bi 83 122 204.977385(5) 1951 14.91(7) d β+ 205Pb 9/2−
205m1Bi 1497.17(9) keV 1969 7.9(7) μs IT 205Bi 1/2+
205m2Bi 2064.7(4) keV 1978 100(6) ns IT 205Bi 21/2+
205m3Bi 2139.0(7) keV 1978 220(25) ns IT 205Bi 25/2+
206Bi 83 123 205.978499(8) 1947 6.243(3) d β+ 206Pb 6+
206m1Bi 59.897(17) keV 1958 7.7(2) μs IT 206Bi 4+
206m2Bi 1044.8(7) keV 1973 890(10) μs IT 206Bi 10−
206m3Bi 9233.3(8) keV 2012 155(15) ns IT 206Bi (28−)
206m4Bi 10170.5(8) keV 2012 >2 μs IT 206Bi (31+)
207Bi 83 124 206.9784706(26) 1950 31.22(17) y β+ 207Pb 9/2−
207mBi 2101.61(16) keV 1967 182(6) μs IT 207Bi 21/2+
208Bi 83 125 207.9797421(25) 1953 3.68(4)×105 y β+ 208Pb 5+
208mBi 1571.1(4) keV 1961 2.58(4) ms IT 208Bi 10−
209Bi
[n 11][n 12] 		83 126 208.9803986(15) 1924 2.01(8)×1019 y[n 13] α 205Tl 9/2− 1.0000
210Bi Radium E 83 127 209.9841202(15) 1905 5.012(5) d β− 210Po 1− Trace[n 14]
α (1.32×10−4%) 206Tl
210mBi 271.31(11) keV 1950 3.04(6)×106 y α[n 15] 206Tl 9−
211Bi Actinium C 83 128 210.987269(6) 1905 2.14(2) min α (99.72%) 207Tl 9/2− Trace[n 16]
β− (0.276%) 211Po
211mBi 1257(10) keV 1998 1.4(3) μs IT 211Bi (25/2−)
212Bi Thorium C 83 129 211.9912850(20) 1905 60.55(6) min β− (64.05%) 212Po 1− Trace[n 17]
α (35.94%) 208Tl
β−, α (0.014%) 208Pb
212m1Bi 250(30) keV 1978 25.0(2) min α (67%) 208Tl (8−, 9−)
β−, α (30%) 208Pb
β− (3%) 212Po
212m2Bi 1479(30) keV 1978 7.0(3) min β− 212Po (18−)
213Bi
[n 18] 		83 130 212.994384(5) 1947 45.60(4) min β− (97.91%) 213Po 9/2− Trace[n 19]
α (2.09%) 209Tl
213mBi 1353(21) keV 2012 >168 s 25/2−#
214Bi Radium C 83 131 213.998711(12) 1904 19.9(4) min β− (99.98%) 214Po 1− Trace[n 14]
α (0.021%) 210Tl
β−, α (0.003%) 210Pb
214mBi 539(30) keV 2021 >93 s 8−#
215Bi 83 132 215.001749(6) 1953 7.62(13) min β−[n 20] 215Po (9/2−) Trace[n 16]
215mBi 1367(20) keV 2003 36.9(6) s IT (76.9%) 215Bi (25/2−)
β− (23.1%) 215Po
216Bi 83 133 216.006306(12) 1989 2.21(4) min β− 216Po (6−, 7−)
216mBi[n 9] 24(19) keV 2000 6.6(21) min β− 216Po 3−#
217Bi 83 134 217.009372(19) 1998 98.5(13) s β− 217Po 9/2−#
217mBi 1491(20) keV 2014 3.0(2) μs IT 217Bi 25/2−#
218Bi 83 135 218.014188(29) 1998 33(1) s β− 218Po 8−#
219Bi 83 136 219.01752(22)# 2010 8.7(29) s β− 219Po 9/2−#
220Bi 83 137 220.02250(32)# 2010 9.5(57) s β− 220Po 1−#
221Bi 83 138 221.02598(32)# 2010 2# s [>300 ns] 9/2−#
222Bi 83 139 222.03108(32)# 2010 3# s [>300 ns] 1−#
223Bi 83 140 223.03461(43)# 2010 1# s [>300 ns] 9/2−#
224Bi 83 141 224.03980(43)# 2010 1# s [>300 ns] 1−#
This table header & footer:
  1. ^ mBi – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
  5. ^ Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture


    IT: Isomeric transition


    p: Proton emission
  6. ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  7. ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  8. ^ a b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  9. ^ a b c d Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
  10. ^ Only published in a conference proceeding and not a refereed journal
  11. ^ Formerly believed to be final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain
  12. ^ Primordial radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide 237Np
  13. ^ Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide
  14. ^ a b Intermediate decay product of 238U
  15. ^ Theoretically capable of isomeric transition to 210Bi with a partial half-life of ~5.5×1020 years or β− decay to 210Po with a partial half-life over 1013 years.[8]
  16. ^ a b Intermediate decay product of 235U
  17. ^ Intermediate decay product of 232Th
  18. ^ Used in medicine such as for cancer treatment.
  19. ^ Intermediate decay product of 237Np
  20. ^ Theoretically capable of α decay to 211Tl; the branching ratio is expected to be ~8×10−5% (partial half-life ~18.1 y).[9]

Bismuth-213

Bismuth-213 (213Bi) has a half-life of 45.6 minutes and decays mainly by beta emission to polonium-213; with only 2.1% going via alpha emission to thallium-209; however, as the polonium instantly decays by alpha, one alpha particle is emitted per atom. The amounts needed for medical use are always produced through its decay chain (the neptunium series) from either thorium-229 (limited supply due to the long life of that isotope) or actinium-225, which can be produced directly from radium-226, for example by bombardment with bremsstrahlung photons from a linear particle accelerator, knocking out a neutron and through beta decay giving actinium-225.

In 1997, an antibody conjugate with 213Bi was used to treat patients with leukemia, and this isotope has otherwise been used in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) to treat a variety of cancers.[10]

Bismuth-213 is also produced in the decay of uranium-233, the fuel bred by thorium reactors, but as mentioned this goes through the long-lived thorium-229, so the production rates from each reactor will not be large.

See also

Daughter products other than bismuth

References

  1. ^ a b c d Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). “The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties” (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ^ “Standard Atomic Weights: Bismuth”. CIAAW. 2005.
  3. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). “Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)”. Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). “The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*”. Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  5. ^ FRIB Nuclear Data Group. “Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isotope Database”. doi:10.11578/frib/2279152.
  6. ^ FRIB Nuclear Data Group. “Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isomer Database”. doi:10.11578/frib/2572219.
  7. ^ Doherty, D. T.; Andreyev, A. N.; Seweryniak, D.; Woods, P. J.; Carpenter, M. P.; Auranen, K.; Ayangeakaa, A. D.; Back, B. B.; Bottoni, S.; Canete, L.; Cubiss, J. G.; Harker, J.; Haylett, T.; Huang, T.; Janssens, R. V. F.; Jenkins, D. G.; Kondev, F. G.; Lauritsen, T.; Lederer-Woods, C.; Li, J.; Müller-Gatermann, C.; Potterveld, D.; Reviol, W.; Savard, G.; Stolze, S.; Zhu, S. (12 November 2021). “Solving the Puzzles of the Decay of the Heaviest Known Proton-Emitting Nucleus 185Bi”. Physical Review Letters. 127 (20) 202501. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127t2501D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.202501. hdl:20.500.11820/ac1e5604-7bba-4a25-a538-795ca4bdc875. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34860042. S2CID 244089059. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  8. ^ Tuggle, D. G. (August 1976). Decay studies of a long lived high spin isomer of 210Bi (Thesis). California Univ., Berkeley (USA): Lawrence Berkeley Lab. See the section “210mBi Decay to 210Po”.
  9. ^ “Adopted Levels for 215Bi” (PDF). NNDC Chart of Nuclides.
  10. ^ Imam, S (2001). “Advancements in cancer therapy with alpha-emitters: a review”. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 51 (1): 271–278. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01585-1. PMID 11516878.