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KS X 1001, “Code for Information Interchange (Hangul and Hanja)“,[d][1] formerly called KS C 5601, is a South Korean coded character set standard to represent Hangul and Hanja characters on a computer.

KS X 1001 is encoded by the most common legacy (pre-Unicode) character encodings for Korean, including EUC-KR and Microsoft’s Unified Hangul Code (UHC). It contains Korean Hangul syllables, CJK ideographs (Hanja), Greek, Cyrillic, Japanese (Hiragana and Katakana) and some other characters.

KS X 1001 is arranged as a 94×94 table, following the structure of 2-byte code words in ISO 2022 and EUC. Therefore, its code points are pairs of integers 1–94. However, some encodings (UHC and Johab), in addition to providing codes for every code point, provide additional codes for characters otherwise representable only as code point sequences.

History

This standard was previously known as KS C 5601. There have been several revisions of this standard. For example, there were revisions in 1987, 1992, 1998 and 2002.

The present, double-byte, Wansung (완성; Wanseong; lit. precomposing)[1] character set was standardised by the third edition of KS C 5601,[2] which was published in 1986.[3] It is an ISO 2022 compatible encoding, typically used in EUC form, which assigns double-byte codes for non-Hangul, Hangul jamo, and the most common Hangul syllables, in contrast to Johab (조합; Johap; lit. combining)[1] which is not compatible with ISO 2022, but assigns double-byte codes to all Hangul syllables using modern jamo.[2] Wansung is technically a variable-length encoding, allowing other syllables to be represented with eight-byte sequences (using the jamo and Hangul Filler character), but this feature is not always implemented.[4]

The earliest edition of KS C 5601, published in 1974,[2] defined a variable-length[2] 7-bit character set which assigned single-byte code points to 51[3] basic Hangul jamo, somewhat analogously to JIS C 6220, in an encoding known as “N-byte Hangul”.[5] The second edition, published in 1982, retained the main character set from the 1974 edition but defined two supplementary sets, including a version of Johab. Neither edition was adopted as widely as intended.[2]

Wansung was kept unchanged in the 1987 and 1992 editions. In the 1992 edition, additional annex material was added,[3] including the definition of the Johab encoding[6] in annex 3, and the older N-byte Hangul encoding in annex 4.[1][5] It was published in response to industry use of Johab as a competing encoding to Wansung, being used at the time by Hangul Word Processor. Following the introduction of Unified Hangul Code by Microsoft in Windows 95, and Hangul Word Processor abandoning Johab in favour of Unicode in 2000, Johab ceased to be commonly used.[2]

Encodings

Encoding schemes of KS X 1001 include EUC-KR (in both ASCII and ISO 646-KR based variants, the latter of which includes a won currency sign () at byte 0x5C rather than a backslash) and ISO-2022-KR,[7] as well as ISO-2022-JP-2 (which also encodes JIS X 0208 and JIS X 0212). These all have the drawback that they only assign codes for the 2350 precomposed Hangul syllables which have their own KS X 1001 codepoints (out of 11172 in total, not counting those using obsolete jamo), and require others to use eight-byte composition sequences, which are not supported by some partial implementations of the standard.[4]

The Johab encoding (stipulated in annex 3 of the 1992 version of the standard) and the EUC-KR superset known as Unified Hangul Code (UHC, also called Windows-949) provide single codes for all 11172 Hangul syllables.[7][6] ISO-2022-KR and Johab are rarely used. Some operating systems extend this standard in other non-uniform ways, e.g. the EUC-KR extensions MacKorean on the classic Mac OS, and IBM-949 by IBM.

Hangul Filler

The Hangul Filler character is used to introduce eight-byte Hangul composition sequences[8][9] and to stand in for an absent element (usually an empty final) in such a sequence.[9]

Unicode includes the Wansung code Hangul Filler in the Hangul Compatibility Jamo block for round-trip compatibility, but uses its own system (with its own, differently used, filler characters) for composing Hangul. The KS X 1001 Hangul composition system is not used in Unicode, and the filler renders merely as an empty space; KS X 1001 composition sequences using modern jamo may be mapped to precomposed characters in Unicode.[9] This is not usually done with Unified Hangul Code.

For round-trip compatibility, Unicode also includes the N-byte Hangul code Hangul Filler separately in the Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms block, named the “Halfwidth Hangul Filler”.

Wansung code charts

Following are the code charts for KS X 1001 in Wansung layout. Where a pair of hexadecimal numbers is given, the smaller is used when encoded over GL (0x21-0x7E), as in ISO-2022-KR when the Korean set has been shifted to, and the larger is used in the more typical case of it being encoded over GR (0xA1-0xFE), as in EUC-KR or UHC. Johab changes the arrangement to encode all 11172 Hangul clusters separately and in order.

To illustrate vendor differences in implementation, multiple Unicode mappings are shown for some characters. Apple’s HangulTalk extensions to the Wansung plane (i.e. where both bytes are in the 0xA1-0xFE range) are shown, but other HangulTalk extension ranges are not. The additional codes for composed syllables in Unified Hangul Code, and IBM’s extensions in IBM-949, are also not shown, since both fall outside of the Wansung plane.

Lead bytes

KS X 1001 (Wansung code)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax SP[e] 1-_ 2-_ 3-_ 4-_ 5-_ 6-_ 7-_ 8-_ 9-_ 10-_ 11-_ 12-_ 13-_ 14-_ 15-_
3x/Bx 16-_ 17-_ 18-_ 19-_ 20-_ 21-_ 22-_ 23-_ 24-_ 25-_ 26-_ 27-_ 28-_ 29-_ 30-_ 31-_
4x/Cx 32-_ 33-_ 34-_ 35-_ 36-_ 37-_ 38-_ 39-_ 40-_ 41-_ 42-_ 43-_ 44-_ 45-_ 46-_ 47-_
5x/Dx 48-_ 49-_ 50-_ 51-_ 52-_ 53-_ 54-_ 55-_ 56-_ 57-_ 58-_ 59-_ 60-_ 61-_ 62-_ 63-_
6x/Ex 64-_ 65-_ 66-_ 67-_ 68-_ 69-_ 70-_ 71-_ 72-_ 73-_ 74-_ 75-_ 76-_ 77-_ 78-_ 79-_
7x/Fx 80-_ 81-_ 82-_ 83-_ 84-_ 85-_ 86-_ 87-_ 88-_ 89-_ 90-_ 91-_ 92-_ 93-_ 94-_ DEL[e]

Non-Hanja non-precomposed sets

The rows 41 and 94 may be used for user-defined purposes.[10]

Character set 0x21 / 0xA1 (row number 1, special characters)

This set contains punctuation and other symbols, excluding punctuation present in KS X 1003 (which is included in row 3). Encodings which combine KS X 1001 with single-byte ASCII may use alternative Unicode mapping to the Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms block for the backslash. Unicode mapping of the wave dash (tilde dash) also differs between vendors, and may be U+301C (favoured by IBM and Apple)[11][12][13] or U+223C (favoured by Microsoft).[14][15] Compare the similar but not identical handling of the JIS wave dash, and the handling of the tilde in the next row.

Except for the backslash, if two mappings are shown below, the first is used by Apple and the second is used by Microsoft.[13][15]

KS X 1001 (prefixed with 0x21 / 0xA1)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax IDSP · ¨ /SHY / / \/ /
3x/Bx ± ×
4x/Cx ÷ ° ¢/ £/ ¥/
5x/Dx §
6x/Ex
7x/Fx ¬/

Character set 0x22 / 0xA2 (row number 2, special characters)

This set contains additional punctuation and symbols. Similarly to the tilde character in the previous row, different mappings are used by Apple and Microsoft for the tilde character in this row (U+02DC by Apple, FF5E by Microsoft),[13][15] which is intended to be shown as a raised tilde, whereas the tilde in the previous row is intended to be shown in-line at dash height.[10] Mapping of the circled dot also differs.[13][15]

The euro and registered trademark sign were added to the standard in 1998, while the Korean postal mark (㉾) was added in 2002.[1] These three code points, as with the still-unused code points, have been put to use for other, non-standard, purposes by vendors, e.g. for boxed list markers by Apple.[16] Microsoft updated its Unified Hangul Code implementation to add the 1998 additions including the euro sign, but did not add the Korean postal mark when it was added to the standard.[17]

KS X 1001 (prefixed with 0x22 / 0xA2)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax ´ ˜/ ˇ ˘ ˝ ˚ ˙ ¸ ˛ ¡ ¿
3x/Bx ː ¤
4x/Cx /
5x/Dx
6x/Ex /1[f] ®/2[f] /3[f] 4[f] 5[f] 6[f] 7[f] 8[f] 9[f] [10][g]
7x/Fx [11][g] [12][g] [13][g] [14][g] [15][g] [16][g] [17][g] [18][g] [19][g] [20][g] [h] 𝄂[i] 𝄃[j]
  Additions by Apple
  Later standard additions colliding with Apple additions

Character set 0x23 / 0xA3 (row number 3, basic Latin / ISO 646-KR)

This set corresponds to KS X 1003 (the ISO 646 variant for Korean, a similar set to ASCII), but as two-byte codes preceded by 0x23 (or 0xA3 in GR-invoked (EUC) form). It includes the English alphabet / Basic Latin alphabet, western Arabic numerals and punctuation.

Compare the Roman set of JIS X 0201, which differs by including a Yen sign rather than a Won sign. Contrast the third rows of KPS 9566 and of JIS X 0208, which follow the ISO 646 layout but only include letters and digits.

KS X 1001 (prefixed with 0x23 / 0xA3); non-fullwidth mappings
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax ! # $ % & ( ) * + , . /
3x/Bx 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
4x/Cx @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
5x/Dx P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ] ^ _
6x/Ex ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
7x/Fx p q r s t u v w x y z { | }

Encodings such as EUC-KR and UHC combine KS X 1001 with single-byte ASCII or KS X 1003, and hence use alternative Unicode mappings to the Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms block for the double-byte representations of these characters.

KS X 1001 (prefixed with 0x23 / 0xA3); fullwidth mappings
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax
3x/Bx
4x/Cx
5x/Dx _
6x/Ex
7x/Fx

Character set 0x24 / 0xA4 (row number 4, Hangul jamo)

This set includes modern Hangul consonants, followed by vowels, both ordered by South Korean collation customs, followed by obsolete consonants. When used individually, these characters map to the Unicode Hangul Compatibility Jamo block, and do not have a one-to-one mapping with the position-specific characters in the Hangul Jamo block. Compare with row 4 of the North Korean KPS 9566. Character 04-52 is a Hangul Filler (see above), used in combining sequences.

KS X 1001 (prefixed with 0x24 / 0xA4)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
313A
313B
313C
313D
313E
313F
3x/Bx
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
314A
314B
314C
314D
314E
314F
4x/Cx
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
315A
315B
315C
315D
315E
315F
5x/Dx
3160
3161
3162
3163
HF
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
316A
316B
316C
316D
316E
316F
6x/Ex
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
317A
317B
317C
317D
317E
317F
7x/Fx
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
318A
318B
318C
318D
318E

Character set 0x25 / 0xA5 (row number 5, Roman numerals and Greek)

This set contains Roman numerals and basic support for the Greek alphabet, without diacritics or the final sigma. Apple includes some additional punctuation in this row, as well as some black circled list markers continuing from those in row 6.[16]

Contrast row 6 of KPS 9566, which includes the same characters but in a different layout.

KS X 1001 (prefixed with 0x25 / 0xA5)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax
3x/Bx
4x/Cx Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο
5x/Dx Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω !︀[k] 。︀[l] [m] [m]
6x/Ex α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο
7x/Fx π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω (27)[n] (28)[o] (29)[p] (30)[q]
  Additions by Apple

Character set 0x26 / 0xA6 (row number 6, box drawing)

This row contains characters for drawing boxes in a semigraphic context. Apple also includes some black circled list markers.[16]

KS X 1001 (prefixed with 0x26 / 0xA6)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax
3x/Bx
4x/Cx
5x/Dx
6x/Ex
7x/Fx (21)[r] (22)[s] (23)[t] (24)[u] (25)[v] (26)[w]
  Additions by Apple

Character set 0x27 / 0xA7 (row number 7, unit symbols)

This row contains unit symbols as single characters, including those which consist of multiple letters. Apple also includes some circled list markers continuing from those in row 8.[16]

Compare and contrast with the repertoire of unit symbols included in row 8 of KPS 9566.

KS X 1001 (prefixed with 0x27 / 0xA7)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax
3x/Bx
4x/Cx
5x/Dx
6x/Ex
7x/Fx
  Additions by Apple

Character set 0x28 / 0xA8 (row number 8, extended Latin, encircled, fractions)

KS X 1001 (prefixed with 0x28 / 0xA8)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax Æ Ð ª Ħ IJ Ŀ Ł Ø Œ º Þ Ŧ Ŋ
3x/Bx
4x/Cx
5x/Dx
6x/Ex
7x/Fx ½ ¼ ¾

Character set 0x29 / 0xA9 (row number 9, extended Latin, encircled, superscript and subscript)

KS X 1001 (prefixed with 0x29 / 0xA9)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax æ đ ð ħ ı ij ĸ ŀ ł ø œ ß þ ŧ ŋ
3x/Bx ʼn
4x/Cx
5x/Dx
6x/Ex
7x/Fx ¹ ² ³

Character set 0x2A / 0xAA (row number 10, Hiragana)

This set contains Hiragana for writing the Japanese language. Apple also includes some bracketed list markers continuing from those in row 9.[16]

Compare row 10 of KPS 9566, which uses the same layout. Compare and contrast row 4 of JIS X 0208, which also uses the same layout, but in a different row.

KS X 1001 (prefixed with 0x2A / 0xAA)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax
3x/Bx
4x/Cx
5x/Dx
6x/Ex
7x/Fx (21)[x] (22)[x] (23)[x] (24)[x] (25)[x] (26)[x]
  Additions by Apple

Character set 0x2B / 0xAB (row number 11, Katakana)

This set contains katakana for writing the Japanese language. However, the Japanese long vowel mark, which is used in katakana text and included in row 1 of JIS X 0208, is not included.[20] Apple also includes some bracketed list markers continuing from those in rows 9 and 10.[16]

Compare row 11 of KPS 9566, which uses the same layout. Compare and contrast row 5 of JIS X 0208, which also uses the same layout, but in a different row.

KS X 1001 (prefixed with 0x2B / 0xAB)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax
3x/Bx
4x/Cx
5x/Dx
6x/Ex
7x/Fx (27)[x] (28)[x] (29)[x] (30)[x]
  Additions by Apple

Character set 0x2C / 0xAC (row number 12, Cyrillic)

This set contains the modern Russian alphabet, and is not necessarily sufficient to represent other forms of the Cyrillic script. Apple also includes some black boxed list markers.[16]

Compare row 5 of KPS 9566 and row 7 of JIS X 0208, which use the same layout (but in a different row).

KS X 1001 (prefixed with 0x2C / 0xAC)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н
3x/Bx О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э
4x/Cx Ю Я 1[y] 2[y] 3[y] 4[y] 5[y] 6[y] 7[y] 8[y] 9[y] [10][z] [11][z] [12][z] [13][z] [14][z]
5x/Dx [15][z] а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н
6x/Ex о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э
7x/Fx ю я [16][z] [17][z] [18][z] [19][z] [20][z]
  Additions by Apple

Extended character set 0x2D / 0xAD (row number 13, Apple additional punctuation)

Apple additions to KS X 1001 (prefixed with 0x2D / 0xAD)[16]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
2x/Ax [aa] [aa] [aa] [aa] [ab] [ab] [ab] [ab] [ac] [ac] 🠩[ad]
3x/Bx ![ae]

Precomposed Hangul sets (rows number 16 through 40)

Code points for precomposed Hangul are included in a continuous sorted block between code points 16-01 and 40-94 inclusive. Not all possible syllable clusters are included in this range. Compare the different ordering and availability in KPS 9566.

Initial+vowel+final syllables 뢨, 썅, 쏀, 쓩, and 쭁 are included but their initial+vowel counterparts 뢔, 쌰, 쎼, 쓔, and 쬬 are not. This can cause a problem with inputting, because input methods have to go through an initial+vowel syllable first in order to get to an initial+vowel+final syllable (e.g. ㅎ → 하 → 한).

Those which are not listed here may be represented using eight-byte composition sequences. All other modern-jamo clusters are assigned codes elsewhere by UHC. All possible modern-jamo clusters are assigned codes by Johab.

KS X 1001 (precomposed Hangul syllables)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
302x/B0Ax
AC00
AC01
AC04
AC07
AC08
AC09
AC0A
AC10
AC11
AC12
AC13
AC14
AC15
AC16
AC17
303x/B0Bx
AC19
AC1A
AC1B
AC1C
AC1D
AC20
AC24
AC2C
AC2D
AC2F
AC30
AC31
AC38
AC39
AC3C
AC40
304x/B0Cx
AC4B
AC4D
AC54
AC58
AC5C
AC70
AC71
AC74
AC77
AC78
AC7A
AC80
AC81
AC83
AC84
AC85
305x/B0Dx
AC86
AC89
AC8A
AC8B
AC8C
AC90
AC94
AC9C
AC9D
AC9F
ACA0
ACA1
ACA8
ACA9
ACAA
ACAC
306x/B0Ex
ACAF
ACB0
ACB8
ACB9
ACBB
ACBC
ACBD
ACC1
ACC4
ACC8
ACCC
ACD5
ACD7
ACE0
ACE1
ACE4
307x/B0Fx
ACE7
ACE8
ACEA
ACEC
ACEF
ACF0
ACF1
ACF3
ACF5
ACF6
ACFC
ACFD
AD00
AD04
AD06
312x/B1Ax
AD0C
AD0D
AD0F
AD11
AD18
AD1C
AD20
AD29
AD2C
AD2D
AD34
AD35
AD38
AD3C
AD44
313x/B1Bx
AD45
AD47
AD49
AD50
AD54
AD58
AD61
AD63
AD6C
AD6D
AD70
AD73
AD74
AD75
AD76
AD7B
314x/B1Cx
AD7C
AD7D
굿
AD7F
AD81
AD82
AD88
AD89
AD8C
AD90
AD9C
AD9D
ADA4
ADB7
ADC0
ADC1
ADC4
315x/B1Dx
ADC8
ADD0
ADD1
ADD3
ADDC
ADE0
ADE4
ADF8
ADF9
ADFC
귿
ADFF
AE00
AE01
AE08
AE09
AE0B
316x/B1Ex
AE0D
AE14
AE30
AE31
AE34
AE37
AE38
AE3A
AE40
AE41
AE43
AE45
AE46
AE4A
AE4C
AE4D
317x/B1Fx
AE4E
AE50
AE54
AE56
AE5C
AE5D
AE5F
AE60
AE61
AE65
AE68
AE69
AE6C
AE70
AE78
322x/B2Ax
AE79
AE7B
AE7C
AE7D
AE84
AE85
AE8C
AEBC
AEBD
AEBE
AEC0
AEC4
AECC
AECD
AECF
323x/B2Bx
AED0
AED1
AED8
AED9
AEDC
AEE8
AEEB
AEED
AEF4
AEF8
AEFC
AF07
AF08
AF0D
AF10
AF2C
324x/B2Cx
AF2D
AF30
AF32
AF34
AF3C
AF3D
꼿
AF3F
AF41
AF42
AF43
AF48
AF49
AF50
AF5C
AF5D
AF64
325x/B2Dx
AF65
AF79
AF80
AF84
AF88
AF90
AF91
AF95
AF9C
AFB8
AFB9
AFBC
AFC0
AFC7
AFC8
AFC9
326x/B2Ex
AFCB
AFCD
AFCE
AFD4
AFDC
AFE8
AFE9
AFF0
AFF1
AFF4
AFF8
뀀
B000
B001
B004
B00C
B010
327x/B2Fx
B014
B01C
B01D
B028
B044
B045
B048
B04A
B04C
B04E
B053
B054
B055
B057
B059
332x/B3Ax
B05D
B07C
B07D
B080
B084
B08C
B08D
B08F
B091
B098
B099
B09A
B09C
B09F
B0A0
333x/B3Bx
B0A1
B0A2
B0A8
B0A9
B0AB
B0AC
B0AD
B0AE
B0AF
B0B1
B0B3
B0B4
B0B5
B0B8
B0BC
B0C4
334x/B3Cx
B0C5
B0C7
B0C8
B0C9
B0D0
B0D1
B0D4
B0D8
B0E0
B0E5
B108
B109
B10B
B10C
B110
B112
335x/B3Dx
B113
B118
B119
B11B
B11C
B11D
B123
B124
B125
B128
B12C
B134
B135
B137
B138
B139
336x/B3Ex
B140
B141
B144
B148
B150
B151
B154
B155
B158
B15C
B160
B178
B179
B17C
B180
B182
337x/B3Fx
B188
B189
B18B
B18D
B192
B193
B194
B198
B19C
B1A8
B1CC
B1D0
B1D4
B1DC
B1DD
342x/B4Ax
B1DF
B1E8
B1E9
B1EC
B1F0
B1F9
B1FB
B1FD
B204
B205
B208
B20B
B20C
B214
B215
343x/B4Bx
B217
B219
B220
B234
B23C
B258
B25C
B260
B268
B269
B274
B275
B27C
B284
B285
B289
344x/B4Cx
B290
B291
B294
B298
B299
B29A
B2A0
B2A1
B2A3
B2A5
B2A6
B2AA
B2AC
B2B0
B2B4
B2C8
345x/B4Dx
B2C9
B2CC
B2D0
B2D2
B2D8
B2D9
B2DB
B2DD
B2E2
B2E4
B2E5
B2E6
B2E8
B2EB
B2EC
B2ED
346x/B4Ex
B2EE
B2EF
B2F3
B2F4
B2F5
B2F7
B2F8
B2F9
B2FA
B2FB
B2FF
B300
B301
B304
B308
B310
347x/B4Fx
B311
B313
B314
B315
B31C
B354
B355
B356
B358
B35B
B35C
B35E
B35F
B364
B365
352x/B5Ax
B367
B369
B36B
B36E
B370
B371
B374
B378
B380
B381
B383
B384
B385
B38C
B390
353x/B5Bx
B394
B3A0
B3A1
B3A8
B3AC
B3C4
B3C5
B3C8
B3CB
B3CC
B3CE
B3D0
B3D4
B3D5
B3D7
B3D9
354x/B5Cx
B3DB
B3DD
B3E0
B3E4
B3E8
B3FC
B410
B418
B41C
B420
B428
B429
B42B
B434
B450
B451
355x/B5Dx
B454
B458
B460
B461
B463
B465
B46C
B480
B488
B49D
B4A4
B4A8
B4AC
B4B5
B4B7
B4B9
356x/B5Ex
B4C0
B4C4
B4C8
B4D0
B4D5
B4DC
B4DD
B4E0
B4E3
B4E4
B4E6
B4EC
B4ED
B4EF
B4F1
B4F8
357x/B5Fx
B514
B515
B518
B51B
B51C
B524
B525
B527
B528
B529
B52A
B530
B531
B534
B538
362x/B6Ax
B540
B541
B543
B544
B545
B54B
B54C
B54D
B550
B554
B55C
B55D
B55F
B560
B561
363x/B6Bx
B5A0
B5A1
B5A4
B5A8
B5AA
B5AB
B5B0
B5B1
B5B3
B5B4
B5B5
B5BB
B5BC
B5BD
B5C0
B5C4
364x/B6Cx
B5CC
B5CD
B5CF
B5D0
B5D1
B5D8
B5EC
B610
B611
B614
B618
B625
B62C
B634
B648
B664
365x/B6Dx
B668
B69C
B69D
B6A0
B6A4
B6AB
B6AC
B6B1
B6D4
B6F0
B6F4
B6F8
B700
B701
B705
B728
366x/B6Ex
B729
B72C
B72F
B730
B738
B739
B73B
B744
B748
B74C
B754
B755
B760
B764
B768
B770
367x/B6Fx
B771
B773
B775
B77C
B77D
B780
B784
B78C
B78D
B78F
B790
B791
B792
B796
B797
372x/B7Ax
B798
B799
B79C
B7A0
B7A8
B7A9
B7AB
B7AC
B7AD
B7B4
B7B5
B7B8
B7C7
B7C9
B7EC
373x/B7Bx
B7ED
B7F0
B7F4
B7FC
B7FD
B7FF
B800
B801
B807
B808
B809
B80C
B810
B818
B819
B81B
374x/B7Cx
B81D
B824
B825
B828
B82C
B834
B835
B837
B838
B839
B840
B844
B851
B853
B85C
B85D
375x/B7Dx
B860
B864
B86C
B86D
B86F
B871
B878
B87C
B88D
B8A8
B8B0
B8B4
B8B8
B8C0
B8C1
B8C3
376x/B7Ex
B8C5
B8CC
B8D0
B8D4
B8DD
B8DF
B8E1
B8E8
B8E9
B8EC
B8F0
B8F8
B8F9
B8FB
B8FD
B904
377x/B7Fx
B918
B920
B93C
B93D
B940
B944
B94C
B94F
B951
B958
B959
B95C
B960
B968
B969
382x/B8Ax
B96B
B96D
B974
B975
B978
B97C
B984
B985
B987
B989
B98A
B98D
B98E
B9AC
B9AD
383x/B8Bx
B9B0
B9B4
B9BC
B9BD
릿
B9BF
B9C1
B9C8
B9C9
B9CC
B9CE
B9CF
B9D0
B9D1
B9D2
B9D8
B9D9
384x/B8Cx
B9DB
B9DD
B9DE
B9E1
B9E3
B9E4
B9E5
B9E8
B9EC
B9F4
B9F5
B9F7
B9F8
B9F9
B9FA
BA00
385x/B8Dx
BA01
BA08
BA15
BA38
BA39
BA3C
BA40
BA42
BA48
BA49
BA4B
BA4D
BA4E
BA53
BA54
BA55
386x/B8Ex
BA58
BA5C
BA64
BA65
BA67
BA68
BA69
BA70
BA71
BA74
BA78
BA83
BA84
BA85
BA87
BA8C
387x/B8Fx
BAA8
BAA9
BAAB
BAAC
BAB0
BAB2
BAB8
BAB9
BABB
BABD
BAC4
BAC8
BAD8
BAD9
BAFC
392x/B9Ax
BB00
BB04
BB0D
BB0F
BB11
BB18
BB1C
BB20
BB29
BB2B
BB34
BB35
BB36
BB38
BB3B
393x/B9Bx
BB3C
BB3D
BB3E
BB44
BB45
BB47
BB49
BB4D
BB4F
BB50
BB54
BB58
BB61
BB63
BB6C
BB88
394x/B9Cx
BB8C
BB90
BBA4
BBA8
BBAC
BBB4
BBB7
BBC0
BBC4
BBC8
BBD0
BBD3
BBF8
BBF9
BBFC
믿
BBFF
395x/B9Dx
BC00
BC02
BC08
BC09
BC0B
BC0C
BC0D
BC0F
BC11
BC14
BC15
BC16
BC17
BC18
BC1B
BC1C
396x/B9Ex
BC1D
BC1E
BC1F
BC24
BC25
BC27
BC29
BC2D
BC30
BC31
BC34
BC38
BC40
BC41
BC43
BC44
397x/B9Fx
BC45
BC49
BC4C
BC4D
BC50
BC5D
BC84
BC85
BC88
BC8B
BC8C
BC8E
BC94
BC95
BC97
3A2x/BAAx
BC99
BC9A
BCA0
BCA1
BCA4
BCA7
BCA8
BCB0
BCB1
BCB3
BCB4
BCB5
BCBC
BCBD
BCC0
3A3x/BABx
BCC4
BCCD
BCCF
BCD0
BCD1
BCD5
BCD8
BCDC
BCF4
BCF5
BCF6
BCF8
BCFC
BD04
BD05
BD07
3A4x/BACx
BD09
BD10
BD14
BD24
BD2C
BD40
BD48
BD49
BD4C
BD50
BD58
BD59
BD64
BD68
BD80
BD81
3A5x/BADx
BD84
BD87
BD88
BD89
BD8A
BD90
BD91
BD93
BD95
BD99
BD9A
BD9C
BDA4
BDB0
BDB8
BDD4
3A6x/BAEx
BDD5
BDD8
BDDC
BDE9
BDF0
BDF4
BDF8
BE00
BE03
BE05
BE0C
BE0D
BE10
BE14
BE1C
BE1D
3A7x/BAFx
BE1F
BE44
BE45
BE48
BE4C
BE4E
BE54
BE55
BE57
BE59
BE5A
BE5B
BE60
BE61
BE64
3B2x/BBAx
BE68
BE6A
BE70
BE71
BE73
BE74
BE75
BE7B
BE7C
BE7D
BE80
BE84
BE8C
BE8D
BE8F
3B3x/BBBx
BE90
BE91
BE98
BE99
BEA8
BED0
BED1
BED4
BED7
BED8
BEE0
BEE3
BEE4
BEE5
BEEC
BF01
3B4x/BBCx
BF08
BF09
BF18
BF19
BF1B
BF1C
BF1D
BF40
BF41
BF44
BF48
BF50
BF51
BF55
BF94
BFB0
3B5x/BBDx
BFC5
BFCC
BFCD
BFD0
BFD4
BFDC
BFDF
BFE1
C03C
C051
C058
C05C
C060
C068
C069
C090
3B6x/BBEx
C091
C094
C098
C0A0
C0A1
C0A3
C0A5
C0AC
C0AD
C0AF
C0B0
C0B3
C0B4
C0B5
C0B6
C0BC
3B7x/BBFx
C0BD
C0BF
C0C0
C0C1
C0C5
C0C8
C0C9
C0CC
C0D0
C0D8
C0D9
C0DB
C0DC
C0DD
C0E4
3C2x/BCAx
C0E5
C0E8
C0EC
C0F4
C0F5
C0F7
C0F9
C100
C104
C108
C110
C115
C11C
C11D
C11E
3C3x/BCBx
C11F
C120
C123
C124
C126
C127
C12C
C12D
C12F
C130
C131
C136
C138
C139
C13C
C140
3C4x/BCCx
C148
C149
C14B
C14C
C14D
C154
C155
C158
C15C
C164
C165
C167
C168
C169
C170
C174
3C5x/BCDx
C178
C185
C18C
C18D
C18E
C190
C194
C196
C19C
C19D
C19F
C1A1
C1A5
C1A8
C1A9
C1AC
3C6x/BCEx
C1B0
C1BD
C1C4
C1C8
C1CC
C1D4
C1D7
C1D8
C1E0
C1E4
C1E8
C1F0
C1F1
C1F3
C1FC
C1FD
3C7x/BCFx
C200
C204
C20C
C20D
C20F
C211
C218
C219
C21C
C21F
C220
C228
C229
C22B
C22D
3D2x/BDAx
C22F
C231
C232
C234
C248
C250
C251
C254
C258
C260
C265
C26C
C26D
C270
C274
3D3x/BDBx
C27C
C27D
C27F
C281
C288
C289
C290
C298
C29B
C29D
C2A4
C2A5
C2A8
C2AC
C2AD
C2B4
3D4x/BDCx
C2B5
C2B7
C2B9
C2DC
C2DD
C2E0
C2E3
C2E4
C2EB
C2EC
C2ED
C2EF
C2F1
C2F6
C2F8
C2F9
3D5x/BDDx
C2FB
C2FC
C300
C308
C309
C30C
C30D
C313
C314
C315
C318
C31C
C324
C325
C328
C329
3D6x/BDEx
C345
C368
C369
C36C
C370
C372
C378
C379
C37C
C37D
C384
C388
C38C
C3C0
C3D8
C3D9
3D7x/BDFx
C3DC
C3DF
C3E0
C3E2
C3E8
C3E9
C3ED
C3F4
C3F5
C3F8
C408
C410
C424
C42C
C430
3E2x/BEAx
C434
C43C
C43D
C448
C464
C465
C468
C46C
C474
C475
C479
C480
C494
C49C
C4B8
3E3x/BEBx
C4BC
C4E9
C4F0
C4F1
C4F4
C4F8
C4FA
C4FF
C500
C501
C50C
C510
C514
C51C
C528
C529
3E4x/BECx
C52C
C530
C538
C539
C53B
C53D
C544
C545
C548
C549
C54A
C54C
C54D
C54E
C553
C554
3E5x/BEDx
C555
C557
C558
C559
C55D
C55E
C560
C561
C564
C568
C570
C571
C573
C574
C575
C57C
3E6x/BEEx
C57D
C580
C584
C587
C58C
C58D
C58F
C591
C595
C597
C598
C59C
C5A0
C5A9
C5B4
C5B5
3E7x/BEFx
C5B8
C5B9
C5BB
C5BC
C5BD
C5BE
C5C4
C5C5
C5C6
C5C7
C5C8
C5C9
C5CA
C5CC
C5CE
3F2x/BFAx
C5D0
C5D1
C5D4
C5D8
C5E0
C5E1
C5E3
C5E5
C5EC
C5ED
C5EE
C5F0
C5F4
C5F6
C5F7
3F3x/BFBx
C5FC
C5FD
C5FE
C5FF
C600
C601
C605
C606
C607
C608
C60C
C610
C618
C619
C61B
C61C
3F4x/BFCx
C624
C625
C628
C62C
C62D
C62E
C630
C633
C634
C635
C637
C639
C63B
C640
C641
C644
3F5x/BFDx
C648
C650
C651
C653
C654
C655
C65C
C65D
C660
C66C
C66F
C671
C678
C679
C67C
C680
3F6x/BFEx
C688
C689
C68B
C68D
C694
C695
C698
C69C
C6A4
C6A5
C6A7
C6A9
C6B0
C6B1
C6B4
C6B8
3F7x/BFFx
C6B9
C6BA
C6C0
C6C1
C6C3
C6C5
C6CC
C6CD
C6D0
C6D4
C6DC
C6DD
C6E0
C6E1
C6E8
402x/C0Ax
C6E9
C6EC
C6F0
C6F8
C6F9
C6FD
C704
C705
C708
C70C
C714
C715
C717
C719
C720
403x/C0Bx
C721
C724
C728
C730
C731
C733
C735
C737
C73C
C73D
C740
C744
C74A
C74C
C74D
C74F
404x/C0Cx
C751
C752
C753
C754
C755
C756
C757
C758
C75C
C760
C768
C76B
C774
C775
C778
C77C
405x/C0Dx
C77D
C77E
C783
C784
C785
C787
C788
C789
C78A
C78E
C790
C791
C794
C796
C797
C798
406x/C0Ex
C79A
C7A0
C7A1
C7A3
C7A4
C7A5
C7A6
C7AC
C7AD
C7B0
C7B4
C7BC
C7BD
C7BF
C7C0
C7C1
407x/C0Fx
C7C8
C7C9
C7CC
C7CE
C7D0
C7D8
C7DD
C7E4
C7E8
C7EC
C800
C801
C804
C808
C80A
412x/C1Ax
C810
C811
C813
C815
C816
C81C
C81D
C820
C824
C82C
C82D
C82F
C831
C838
C83C
413x/C1Bx
C840
C848
C849
C84C
C84D
C854
C870
C871
C874
C878
C87A
C880
C881
C883
C885
C886
414x/C1Cx
C887
C88B
C88C
C88D
C894
C89D
C89F
C8A1
C8A8
C8BC
C8BD
C8C4
C8C8
C8CC
C8D4
C8D5
415x/C1Dx
C8D7
C8D9
C8E0
C8E1
C8E4
C8F5
C8FC
C8FD
C900
C904
C905
C906
C90C
C90D
C90F
C911
416x/C1Ex
C918
C92C
C934
C950
C951
C954
C958
C960
C961
C963
C96C
C970
C974
C97C
C988
C989
417x/C1Fx
C98C
C990
C998
C999
C99B
C99D
C9C0
C9C1
C9C4
C9C7
C9C8
C9CA
C9D0
C9D1
C9D3
422x/C2Ax
C9D5
C9D6
C9D9
C9DA
C9DC
C9DD
C9E0
C9E2
C9E4
C9E7
C9EC
C9ED
C9EF
C9F0
C9F1
423x/C2Bx
C9F8
C9F9
C9FC
CA00
CA08
CA09
CA0B
CA0C
CA0D
CA14
CA18
CA29
CA4C
CA4D
CA50
CA54
424x/C2Cx
CA5C
CA5D
CA5F
CA60
CA61
CA68
CA7D
CA84
CA98
CABC
CABD
CAC0
CAC4
CACC
CACD
CACF
425x/C2Dx
CAD1
CAD3
CAD8
CAD9
CAE0
CAEC
CAF4
CB08
CB10
CB14
CB18
CB20
CB21
CB41
CB48
CB49
426x/C2Ex
CB4C
CB50
CB58
CB59
CB5D
CB64
CB78
CB79
CB9C
CBB8
CBD4
CBE4
CBE7
CBE9
CC0C
CC0D
427x/C2Fx
CC10
CC14
CC1C
CC1D
CC21
CC22
CC27
CC28
CC29
CC2C
CC2E
CC30
CC38
CC39
CC3B
432x/C3Ax
CC3C
CC3D
CC3E
CC44
CC45
CC48
CC4C
CC54
CC55
CC57
CC58
CC59
CC60
CC64
CC66
433x/C3Bx
CC68
CC70
CC75
CC98
CC99
CC9C
CCA0
CCA8
CCA9
CCAB
CCAC
CCAD
CCB4
CCB5
CCB8
CCBC
434x/C3Cx
CCC4
CCC5
CCC7
CCC9
CCD0
CCD4
CCE4
CCEC
CCF0
CD01
CD08
CD09
CD0C
CD10
CD18
CD19
435x/C3Dx
CD1B
CD1D
CD24
CD28
CD2C
CD39
CD5C
CD60
CD64
CD6C
CD6D
CD6F
CD71
CD78
CD88
CD94
436x/C3Ex
CD95
CD98
CD9C
CDA4
CDA5
CDA7
CDA9
CDB0
CDC4
CDCC
CDD0
CDE8
CDEC
CDF0
CDF8
CDF9
437x/C3Fx
CDFB
CDFD
CE04
CE08
CE0C
CE14
CE19
CE20
CE21
CE24
CE28
CE30
CE31
CE33
CE35
442x/C4Ax
CE58
CE59
CE5C
CE5F
CE60
CE61
CE68
CE69
CE6B
CE6D
CE74
CE75
CE78
CE7C
CE84
443x/C4Bx
CE85
CE87
CE89
CE90
CE91
CE94
CE98
CEA0
CEA1
CEA3
CEA4
CEA5
CEAC
CEAD
CEC1
CEE4
444x/C4Cx
CEE5
CEE8
CEEB
CEEC
CEF4
CEF5
CEF7
CEF8
CEF9
CF00
CF01
CF04
CF08
CF10
CF11
CF13
445x/C4Dx
CF15
CF1C
CF20
CF24
CF2C
CF2D
CF2F
CF30
CF31
CF38
CF54
CF55
CF58
CF5C
CF64
CF65
446x/C4Ex
CF67
CF69
CF70
CF71
CF74
CF78
CF80
CF85
CF8C
CFA1
CFA8
CFB0
CFC4
CFE0
CFE1
CFE4
447x/C4Fx
CFE8
CFF0
CFF1
CFF3
CFF5
CFFC
퀀
D000
D004
D011
D018
D02D
D034
D035
D038
D03C
452x/C5Ax
D044
D045
D047
D049
D050
D054
D058
D060
D06C
D06D
D070
D074
D07C
D07D
D081
453x/C5Bx
D0A4
D0A5
D0A8
D0AC
D0B4
D0B5
D0B7
D0B9
D0C0
D0C1
D0C4
D0C8
D0C9
D0D0
D0D1
D0D3
454x/C5Cx
D0D4
D0D5
D0DC
D0DD
D0E0
D0E4
D0EC
D0ED
D0EF
D0F0
D0F1
D0F8
D10D
D130
D131
D134
455x/C5Dx
D138
D13A
D140
D141
D143
D144
D145
D14C
D14D
D150
D154
D15C
D15D
D15F
D161
D168
456x/C5Ex
D16C
D17C
D184
D188
D1A0
D1A1
D1A4
D1A8
D1B0
D1B1
D1B3
D1B5
D1BA
D1BC
D1C0
D1D8
457x/C5Fx
D1F4
D1F8
D207
D209
D210
D22C
D22D
D230
D234
D23C
D23D
D23F
D241
D248
D25C
462x/C6Ax
D264
D280
D281
D284
D288
D290
D291
D295
D29C
D2A0
D2A4
D2AC
D2B1
D2B8
D2B9
463x/C6Bx
D2BC
D2BF
D2C0
D2C2
D2C8
D2C9
D2CB
D2D4
D2D8
D2DC
D2E4
D2E5
D2F0
D2F1
D2F4
D2F8
464x/C6Cx
D300
D301
D303
D305
D30C
D30D
D30E
D310
D314
D316
D31C
D31D
D31F
D320
D321
D325
465x/C6Dx
D328
D329
D32C
D330
D338
D339
D33B
D33C
D33D
D344
D345
D37C
D37D
D380
D384
D38C
466x/C6Ex
D38D
D38F
D390
D391
D398
D399
D39C
D3A0
D3A8
D3A9
D3AB
D3AD
D3B4
D3B8
D3BC
D3C4
467x/C6Fx
D3C5
D3C8
D3C9
D3D0
D3D8
D3E1
D3E3
D3EC
D3ED
D3F0
D3F4
D3FC
D3FD
D3FF
D401
472x/C7Ax
D408
D41D
D440
D444
D45C
D460
D464
D46D
D46F
D478
D479
D47C
D47F
D480
D482
473x/C7Bx
D488
D489
D48B
D48D
D494
D4A9
D4CC
D4D0
D4D4
D4DC
D4DF
D4E8
D4EC
D4F0
D4F8
D4FB
474x/C7Cx
D4FD
D504
D508
D50C
D514
D515
D517
D53C
D53D
D540
D544
D54C
D54D
D54F
D551
D558
475x/C7Dx
D559
D55C
D560
D565
D568
D569
D56B
D56D
D574
D575
D578
D57C
D584
D585
D587
D588
476x/C7Ex
D589
D590
D5A5
D5C8
D5C9
D5CC
D5D0
D5D2
D5D8
D5D9
D5DB
D5DD
D5E4
D5E5
D5E8
D5EC
477x/C7Fx
D5F4
D5F5
D5F7
D5F9
D600
D601
D604
D608
D610
D611
D613
D614
D615
D61C
D620
482x/C8Ax
D624
D62D
D638
D639
D63C
D640
D645
D648
D649
D64B
D64D
D651
D654
D655
D658
483x/C8Bx
D65C
D667
D669
D670
D671
D674
D683
D685
D68C
D68D
D690
D694
D69D
D69F
D6A1
D6A8
484x/C8Cx
D6AC
D6B0
D6B9
D6BB
D6C4
D6C5
D6C8
D6CC
D6D1
D6D4
D6D7
D6D9
D6E0
D6E4
D6E8
D6F0
485x/C8Dx
D6F5
D6FC
D6FD
D700
D704
D711
D718
D719
D71C
D720
D728
D729
D72B
D72D
D734
D735
486x/C8Ex
D738
D73C
D744
D747
D749
D750
D751
D754
D756
D757
D758
D759
D760
D761
D763
D765
487x/C8Fx
D769
D76C
D770
D774
D77C
D77D
D781
D788
D789
D78C
D790
D798
D799
D79B
D79D

Statistics by jamo

Initial consonants
Jamo Count
171
120
141
128
86
127
129
129
73
163
86
208
135
82
112
107
106
105
142
Total 2350
Vowels
Jamo Count
242
172
77
15
212
140
131
44
184
81
42
101
65
177
56
41
105
84
166
30
185
Total 2350
Final consonants
Jamo Count
(none) 349
204
13
6
277
2
10
36
262
21
50
9
3
3
1
11
222
209
3
200
106
241
27
15
3
27
20
20
Total 2350

Hanja sets (rows number 42 through 93)

KS X 1001 encodes hanja with multiple pronunciations multiple times, once for each pronunciation. (Some pronunciations are inherited from Middle Chinese, and others are an effect of the initial sound rule.) One character, 樂, is encoded four times. The first 268 characters (U+F900–U+FA0B) in the CJK Compatibility Ideographs block correspond to these duplicates.

In the table below, the first row-cell value (and reading) for each Hanja maps to the CJK Unified Ideographs block; others map to the CJK Compatibility Ideographs block.

Duplicate Hanja in KS X 1001
Hanja Locations and readings
42-25 ( ga), 45-47 ( go)
43-29 ( gang), 90-02 ( hang)
44-24 ( gyeon), 90-70 ( hyeon)
44-58 ( gyeong), 43-54 ( gaeng)
44-88 ( gye), 48-48 ( geul)
45-90 ( got), 46-13 ( gwan)
46-09 ( gwak), 92-09 ( hwak)
47-03 ( gu), 47-91 ( gwi)
47-47 ( gu), 48-02 ( gwi), 48-24 ( gyun)
49-34 ( gi), 43-48 ( gae)
49-49 ( gim), 48-61 ( geum)
49-57 ( na), 52-92 ( ra)
49-71 ( nak), 53-11 ( rak)
50-15 ( nae), 49-53 ( na)
50-19 ( nyeo), 69-92 ( yeo)
50-20 ( nyeon), 70-36 ( yeon)
50-21 ( nyeon), 70-42 ( yeon)
50-22 ( nyeon), 70-60 ( yeon)
50-23 ( nyeom), 70-86 ( yeom)
50-26 ( nyeom), 70-87 ( yeom)
50-27 ( nyeong), 54-24 ( ryeong), 71-12 ( yeong)
50-33 ( no), 54-45 ( ro)
尿 50-67 ( nyo), 72-81 ( yo)
50-78 ( nyu), 74-84 ( yu)
50-79 ( nyu), 75-10 ( yu)
50-90 ( ni), 76-18 ( i)
50-91 ( nik), 76-41 ( ik)
50-92 ( nik), 76-42 ( ik)
50-94 ( da), 83-17 ( cha)
51-01 ( dan), 53-14 ( ran)
51-56 ( dang), 87-24 ( tang)
51-75 ( daek), 87-40 ( taek)
51-88 ( do), 86-84 ( tak)
52-33 ( dok), 52-70 ( du)
52-55 ( dong), 87-51 ( tong)
52-90 ( ra), 49-52 ( na)
52-91 ( ra), 49-56 ( na)
52-93 ( ra), 49-59 ( na)
52-94 ( ra), 49-60 ( na)
53-01 ( ra), 49-61 ( na)
53-02 ( ra), 49-62 ( na)
53-03 ( ra), 49-63 ( na)
53-04 ( ra), 49-64 ( na)
53-06 ( rak), 49-67 ( nak)
53-07 ( rak), 49-68 ( nak)
53-08 ( rak), 49-69 ( nak)
53-10 ( rak), 49-70 ( nak)
53-12 ( rak), 49-72 ( nak)
53-13 ( rak), 49-73 ( nak)
53-15 ( ran), 49-74 ( nan)
53-16 ( ran), 49-75 ( nan)
53-17 ( ran), 49-77 ( nan)
53-20 ( ran), 49-79 ( nan)
53-21 ( ran), 49-80 ( nan)
53-22 ( ran), 49-82 ( nan)
53-25 ( ram), 49-86 ( nam)
53-29 ( ram), 49-90 ( nam)
53-32 ( ram), 49-92 ( nam)
53-33 ( ram), 49-93 ( nam)
53-35 ( rap), 49-94 ( nap)
53-36 ( rap), 50-02 ( nap)
53-37 ( rap), 50-03 ( nap)
53-38 ( rang), 50-07 ( nang)
53-39 ( rang), 50-08 ( nang)
53-40 ( rang), 50-09 ( nang)
53-41 ( rang), 50-10 ( nang)
53-45 ( rang), 50-11 ( nang)
53-46 ( rae), 50-13 ( nae)
53-50 ( raeng), 50-18 ( naeng)
53-51 ( ryak), 69-17 ( yak)
53-52 ( ryak), 69-18 ( yak)
53-53 ( ryang), 69-25 ( yang)
53-55 ( ryang), 69-27 ( yang)
53-56 ( ryang), 69-28 ( yang)
53-57 ( ryang), 69-36 ( yang)
53-61 ( ryang), 69-46 ( yang)
53-62 ( ryang), 69-48 ( yang)
53-63 ( ryang), 69-50 ( yang)
53-65 ( ryang), 69-54 ( yang)
53-68 ( ryeo), 69-90 ( yeo)
53-69 ( ryeo), 69-91 ( yeo)
53-70 ( ryeo), 69-94 ( yeo)
53-73 ( ryeo), 70-01 ( yeo)
53-75 ( ryeo), 70-04 ( yeo)
53-76 ( ryeo), 70-07 ( yeo)
53-79 ( ryeo), 70-13 ( yeo)
53-81 ( ryeo), 70-15 ( yeo)
53-82 ( ryeo), 70-16 ( yeo)
53-83 ( ryeo), 70-17 ( yeo)
53-84 ( ryeok), 70-19 ( yeok)
53-85 ( ryeok), 70-23 ( yeok)
53-86 ( ryeok), 70-24 ( yeok)
53-89 ( ryeok), 70-28 ( yeok)
53-91 ( ryeon), 70-38 ( yeon)
53-92 ( ryeon), 70-39 ( yeon)
53-94 ( ryeon), 70-50 ( yeon)
54-01 ( ryeon), 70-54 ( yeon)
54-02 ( ryeon), 70-57 ( yeon)
54-03 ( ryeon), 70-63 ( yeon)
54-04 ( ryeon), 70-65 ( yeon)
54-05 ( ryeon), 70-69 ( yeon)
54-06 ( ryeon), 70-68 ( yeon)
54-07 ( ryeon), 70-70 ( yeon)
54-08 ( ryeon), 70-72 ( yeon)
54-10 ( ryeol), 70-74 ( yeol)
54-11 ( ryeol), 70-75 ( yeol)
54-13 ( ryeol), 70-79 ( yeol)
54-14 ( ryeol), 70-81 ( yeol)
54-15 ( ryeom), 70-85 ( yeom)
54-17 ( ryeom), 70-89 ( yeom)
54-19 ( ryeom), 71-01 ( yeom)
54-20 ( ryeop), 71-06 ( yeop)
54-21 ( ryeong), 71-09 ( yeong)
54-23 ( ryeong), 71-10 ( yeong)
54-26 ( ryeong), 71-13 ( yeong)
54-27 ( ryeong), 71-16 ( yeong)
54-28 ( ryeong), 71-31 ( yeong)
54-30 ( ryeong), 71-38 ( yeong)
54-32 ( ryeong), 71-39 ( yeong)
54-34 ( ryeong), 71-43 ( yeong)
54-35 ( ryeong), 71-45 ( yeong)
54-36 ( ryeong), 71-47 ( yeong)
54-37 ( ryeong), 71-48 ( yeong)
54-39 ( rye), 71-51 ( ye)
54-41 ( rye), 71-63 ( ye)
54-42 ( rye), 71-68 ( ye)
54-43 ( rye), 71-70 ( ye)
54-44 ( ro), 50-30 ( no)
54-47 ( ro), 50-34 ( no)
54-48 ( ro), 50-35 ( no)
54-51 ( ro), 50-36 ( no)
54-52 ( ro), 50-38 ( no)
54-53 ( ro), 50-39 ( no)
54-54 ( ro), 50-40 ( no)
54-55 ( ro), 50-41 ( no)
54-56 ( ro), 50-42 ( no)
54-58 ( ro), 50-43 ( no)
54-59 ( ro), 50-45 ( no)
54-60 ( ro), 50-46 ( no)
54-62 ( rok), 50-47 ( nok)
祿 54-63 ( rok), 50-48 ( nok)
54-64 ( rok), 50-49 ( nok)
54-65 ( rok), 50-50 ( nok)
54-66 ( rok), 50-51 ( nok)
鹿 54-67 ( rok), 50-52 ( nok)
54-69 ( ron), 50-53 ( non)
54-70 ( rong), 50-54 ( nong)
54-71 ( rong), 50-55 ( nong)
54-75 ( rong), 50-57 ( nong)
54-76 ( rong), 50-58 ( nong)
54-79 ( roe), 50-62 ( noe)
54-80 ( roe), 50-63 ( noe)
54-81 ( roe), 50-65 ( noe)
54-84 ( roe), 50-66 ( noe)
54-85 ( ryo), 72-71 ( yo)
54-86 ( ryo), 72-72 ( yo)
54-87 ( ryo), 72-80 ( yo)
54-89 ( ryo), 72-87 ( yo)
54-90 ( ryo), 72-91 ( yo)
54-91 ( ryo), 72-94 ( yo)
54-94 ( ryo), 73-07 ( yo)
55-01 ( ryo), 73-12 ( yo)
55-03 ( ryong), 73-44 ( yong)
55-04 ( ru), 50-68 ( nu)
55-06 ( ru), 50-69 ( nu)
55-07 ( ru), 50-70 ( nu)
55-08 ( ru), 50-71 ( nu)
55-09 ( ru), 50-72 ( nu)
55-11 ( ru), 50-73 ( nu)
55-12 ( ru), 50-74 ( nu)
55-16 ( ru), 50-75 ( nu)
55-17 ( ryu), 74-69 ( yu)
55-19 ( ryu), 74-87 ( yu)
55-21 ( ryu), 74-92 ( yu)
55-22 ( ryu), 74-94 ( yu)
55-24 ( ryu), 75-04 ( yu)
55-26 ( ryu), 75-07 ( yu)
55-28 ( ryu), 75-09 ( yu)
55-30 ( ryu), 75-26 ( yu)
55-31 ( ryuk), 75-27 ( yuk)
55-32 ( ryuk), 75-29 ( yuk)
55-33 ( ryuk), 75-33 ( yuk)
55-35 ( ryun), 75-34 ( yun)
55-36 ( ryun), 75-38 ( yun)
55-37 ( ryun), 75-39 ( yun)
55-39 ( ryun), 75-44 ( yun)
55-40 ( ryul), 75-47 ( yul)
55-41 ( ryul), 75-48 ( yul)
55-42 ( ryul), 75-49 ( yul)
55-44 ( ryung), 75-56 ( yung)
55-45 ( reuk), 50-80 ( neuk)
55-46 ( reuk), 50-81 ( neuk)
55-47 ( reum), 50-82 ( neum)
55-48 ( reung), 50-83 ( neung)
55-50 ( reung), 50-84 ( neung)
55-51 ( reung), 50-85 ( neung)
55-52 ( reung), 50-87 ( neung)
55-53 ( reung), 50-88 ( neung)
55-55 ( ri), 76-06 ( i)
55-57 ( ri), 76-07 ( i)
55-59 ( ri), 76-10 ( i)
55-61 ( ri), 76-16 ( i)
55-62 ( ri), 76-17 ( i)
55-66 ( ri), 76-21 ( i)
55-69 ( ri), 76-24 ( i)
55-71 ( ri), 76-26 ( i)
55-74 ( ri), 76-32 ( i)
55-75 ( ri), 76-33 ( i)
55-76 ( ri), 76-37 ( i)
55-78 ( ri), 76-38 ( i)
55-80 ( rin), 76-53 ( in)
55-82 ( rin), 76-61 ( in)
55-83 ( rin), 76-62 ( in)
55-84 ( rin), 76-65 ( in)
55-86 ( rin), 76-68 ( in)
55-87 ( rin), 76-71 ( in)
55-88 ( rin), 76-72 ( in)
55-89 ( rim), 76-87 ( im)
55-90 ( rim), 76-88 ( im)
55-92 ( rim), 76-90 ( im)
56-01 ( rip), 77-01 ( ip)
56-02 ( rip), 77-02 ( ip)
56-03 ( rip), 77-03 ( ip)
58-82 ( ban), 59-68 ( beon)
60-54 ( bok), 61-05 ( bu)
60-63 ( bok), 88-80 ( pok)
60-84 ( bu), 61-53 ( bul)
61-33 ( buk), 59-37 ( bae)
63-15 ( sal), 65-77 ( swae)
63-50 ( sang), 77-78 ( jang)
63-61 ( sae), 63-65 ( saek)
63-67 ( saek), 62-94 ( sak)
64-67 ( seol), 65-13 ( se), 70-82 ( yeol)
64-93 ( seong), 63-72 ( saeng)
65-67 ( sol), 55-43 ( ryul), 75-50 ( yul)
66-06 ( su), 62-92 ( sak)
67-06 ( seup), 68-09 ( sip)
67-59 ( sik), 82-29 ( ji)
68-07 ( sip), 82-90 ( jip)
68-34 ( ak), 71-87 ( o)
68-37 ( ak), 49-66 ( nak), 53-05 ( rak), 72-89 ( yo)
69-20 ( yak), 69-14 ( ya)
70-22 ( yeok), 76-15 ( i)
71-08 ( yeop), 64-81 ( seop)
72-54 ( wan), 74-33 ( won)
76-22 ( i), 55-68 ( ri)
76-54 ( in), 70-76 ( yeol)
77-09 ( ja), 84-07 ( cheok)
77-19 ( ja), 78-59 ( jeok)
79-23 ( jeol), 84-78 ( che)
82-67 ( jin), 67-85 ( sin)
83-19 ( cha), 43-71 ( geo)
83-49 ( cham), 63-19 ( sam)
84-12 ( cheok), 86-86 ( tak)
86-56 ( chim), 68-01 ( sim)
便 88-21 ( pyeon), 60-05 ( byeon)
88-76 ( pok), 88-59 ( po)
89-18 ( pil), 61-84 ( bi)
90-28 ( haeng), 90-01 ( hang)
91-09 ( hyeong), 71-33 ( yeong)
92-33 ( hwal), 45-72 ( gol)
93-27 ( hun), 73-87 ( un)

Johab encoding

Diagram of Johab encoding as stipulated by KS X 1001
  • 한글: Hangul
  • 한자: Hanja
  • 특수문자: special characters (non-Hangul and non-Hanja characters)

KS X 1001, since 1992, also defines an alternative encoding known as Johab. This represents a Hangul syllable as the sequence of three five-bit values, split across two 8-bit bytes, most significant bit first. The most significant bit of the lead byte is always set (allowing combination with single-byte ASCII or KS X 1003). This encoding is also used for the modern jamo from row 4 of KS X 1001, by using the filler values for the other components. The Johab encoding for Hangul is shown in the table below.[22]

Johab encodes the remainder of KS X 1001 using lead bytes which do not correspond to an initial jamo (0xE0–0xF9 for Hanja and 0xD9–0xDE[23] for non-Hanja, excluding Hangul syllables and modern jamo), with trail bytes in the ranges 0x31–0x7E and 0x91–0xFE.[22] These codes are algorithmically mapped from the characters’ KS X 1001 code points,[23] with two KS X 1001 rows per lead byte (compare and contrast Shift JIS).

Layout of EBCDIC-based Johab variant when in double-byte state

The ASCII-based Johab encoding is numbered Code page 1361 by Microsoft.[24] Other, vendor-defined, Johab variants also exist; for example, IBM defines one for use as a Shift Out set with EBCDIC. That variant uses shift in and shift out to switch between a single-byte EBCDIC page and Johab, uses a different encoding for the non-Hangul characters (using lead bytes 0x40–6C with a different layout), and uses lead bytes 0xD4–DD as a user-defined region, but uses the same Johab layout as the 1992 standard for the Hangul characters when in shift-out state.[25] IBM number the EBCDIC-based, stateful Johab encoding Code page 1364,[25] and also define a subset of that encoding, including fewer Hangul characters but in the same layout, as Code page 933.[26]

Some other vendors such as Samsung or GoldStar (now LG) used other “Johab” encodings where the mappings of five-bit codes to jamo differ from the below, consequently not being compatible with the 1992 standard Johab.[af] The table below corresponds to the 1992 standard and also to IBM usage.

Johab codes for Hangul in KS C 5601(/X 1001):1992[22]
Five-bit sequence As initial As vowel As final
00000 not used not used[ag] not used
00001 filler not used[ah] filler (empty final)
00010 filler
00011
00100
00101
00110
00111
01000 not used[ag]
01001 not used[ah]
01010
01011
01100
01101
01110
01111
10000 not used[ag]
10001 not used[ah]
10010 not used
10011
10100
10101 not used
10110 non-Hangul lead bytes
10111
11000 not used[ag]
11001 not used[ah]
11010
11011
11100
11101
11110 not used not used
11111 not used not used not used

N-byte Hangul code

This is the N-byte Hangul code,[5] as specified by KS C 5601-1974 and by annex 4 of KS C 5601–1992. The second half of IBM’s Code page 1040[27] is a superset of this, assigning the characters ¢¬\~ (although not £) to the same locations as in Code page 1041, while the unextended N-Byte Hangul (besides C0 control code replacement graphics in some usage contexts, shared with IBM-1040) is Code page 891.[28] Character 0x40/0xC0 is a Hangul Filler (see above), used in combining sequences.

Similarly to its Japanese counterpart JIS C 6220 (JIS X 0201), N-byte Hangul code could be used as a 7-bit encoding, with character allocations over the range 0x40 through 0x7C.[5] The chart below shows the code in an 8-bit environment with the high bit set (i.e. over 0xC0 through 0xFC), as it is used in e.g. code page 891 or 1040.

KS C 5601-1974 / N-byte Hangul[29]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
8x
9x
Ax
Bx
Cx HWHF
Dx
Ex
Fx

Footnotes

  1. ^ Missing Greek diacritics and final sigma.
  2. ^ Missing chōonpu, shinjitai, kokuji.
  3. ^ a b Missing lowercase å, although the uppercase U+212B ANGSTROM SIGN is included, as are both cases of Ø and Æ.
  4. ^ Korean정보 교환용 부호계 (한글 및 한자); RRJeongbo Gyohwannyong Buhogye (Hangeul mit Hanja)
  5. ^ a b As a ISO 2022 compatible 94n-character set, the plain space and delete character are always available as single-byte codes at 0x20 and 0x7F (not 0xA0 and 0xFF) respectively.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mapped by Apple to a sequence of the ASCII digit, the combining square U+20DE, and the private-use character U+F87C.[16] Appearance shown here simulated.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mapped by Apple to an ASCII sequence with the number in square brackets, prefixed by the private-use character U+F863.[16] Appearance shown here simulated.
  8. ^ Narrower than 0xA2D2. Apple appends a private-use character U+F87F for round trip purposes.
  9. ^ Two vertical lines with right-hand line bolder. Apple maps this to the ordinary double vertical U+2016 (‖) plus a private-use character U+F87B for round trip purposes; U+1D102 is shown here to reflect the intended appearance.
  10. ^ Two vertical lines with left-hand line bolder. Apple maps this to the ordinary double vertical U+2016 (‖) plus a private-use character U+F87C for round trip purposes; U+1D103 is shown here to reflect the intended appearance.
  11. ^ Variant aligned to the bottom-left of the character cell, for horizontal use. Apple maps this to U+FF01+F874, where U+F874 is a private-use character used by Apple to tag the character for round-tripping purposes.[16] More recently,[18] a standardised variation sequence has been added for this form, using an appended Variation Selector 1 (U+FE00).[19]
  12. ^ Variant aligned to the bottom-left of the character cell, for horizontal use. Apple maps this to U+3002+F87D, where U+F87D is a private-use character used by Apple to tag the character for round-tripping purposes.[16] More recently,[18] a standardised variation sequence has been added for this form, using an appended Variation Selector 1 (U+FE00).[19]
  13. ^ a b Duplicate, mapped by Apple with an appended private-use character U+F87F for round tripping.[16]
  14. ^ An exact match does note exist in Unicode, shown simulated. Apple maps to U+3257+F87A, where U+F87A is a private-use character, and U+3257 is the unfilled circled character.[16]
  15. ^ An exact match does note exist in Unicode, shown simulated. Apple maps to U+3258+F87A, where U+F87A is a private-use character, and U+3258 is the unfilled circled character.[16]
  16. ^ An exact match does note exist in Unicode, shown simulated. Apple maps to U+3259+F87A, where U+F87A is a private-use character, and U+3259 is the unfilled circled character.[16]
  17. ^ An exact match does note exist in Unicode, shown simulated. Apple maps to U+325A+F87A, where U+F87A is a private-use character, and U+325A is the unfilled circled character.[16]
  18. ^ An exact match does note exist in Unicode, shown simulated. Apple maps to U+3251+F87A, where U+F87A is a private-use character, and U+3251 is the unfilled circled character.[16]
  19. ^ An exact match does note exist in Unicode, shown simulated. Apple maps to U+3252+F87A, where U+F87A is a private-use character, and U+3252 is the unfilled circled character.[16]
  20. ^ An exact match does note exist in Unicode, shown simulated. Apple maps to U+3253+F87A, where U+F87A is a private-use character, and U+3253 is the unfilled circled character.[16]
  21. ^ An exact match does note exist in Unicode, shown simulated. Apple maps to U+3254+F87A, where U+F87A is a private-use character, and U+3254 is the unfilled circled character.[16]
  22. ^ An exact match does note exist in Unicode, shown simulated. Apple maps to U+3255+F87A, where U+F87A is a private-use character, and U+3255 is the unfilled circled character.[16]
  23. ^ An exact match does note exist in Unicode, shown simulated. Apple maps to U+3256+F87A, where U+F87A is a private-use character, and U+3256 is the unfilled circled character.[16]
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mapped by Apple to an ASCII sequence, prefixed by the private-use character U+F862.[16]
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mapped by Apple to a sequence of the ASCII digit, the combining square U+20DE, and the private-use character U+F875.[16] Appearance shown here simulated.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mapped by Apple to an ASCII sequence with the number in square brackets, prefixed by the private-use character U+F866.[16] Appearance shown here simulated.
  27. ^ a b c d These largely duplicate characters in row 1. Apple describes them as “long” versions, and appends the private-use character U+F879 for round-tripping purposes.[16]
  28. ^ a b c d The MacKorean encoding also includes several sets of differently styled arrows (including white arrows) outside of the KS X 1001 plane ranges, with lead bytes 0xA8 and 0xAC, and trail bytes between 0x41 and 0xA0. Apple appends the private-use character U+F878 to this particular set of white arrows for round-tripping purposes.[16]
  29. ^ a b Unlike those in row 1, these two marks are intended to display in low position (similarly to U+301F). Apple appends the private-use character U+F873 to distinguish them.[16]
  30. ^ Apple maps this to U+21E7+F87F, where U+21E7 is the white up arrow[16] and U+F87F is a private-use character, although this character is a black arrow.[21] The character shown is a Unicode character which postdates Apple’s mapping table, and resembles the glyph[21] for this MacKorean character.
  31. ^ Apple maps this to a sequence of the ASCII exclamation mark followed by the private-use character U+F87F.[16]
  32. ^ Some mappings for these encodings are available here.
  33. ^ a b c d Were this one used, it would result in a trail byte in the C0 control codes range.
  34. ^ a b c d Were this one used, it would result in trail bytes in the 0x2_ and 0x3_ rows of ASCII. Johab does not use the 0x2_ row for trail bytes, similarly to most common legacy CJK encodings (compare Shift JIS, GBK, Big5). The EBCDIC-based version of Johab does not use trail bytes from either row, due to them being in the EBCDIC control code range.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Lunde, Ken (2009). “Chapter 3: Character Set Standards”. CJKV Information Processing. O’Reilly Media, Inc. pp. 143–148. ISBN 978-0596514471.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Hwang, Jinsang (2005). The Social Shaping of ICTs Standards: A Case of National Coded Character Set Standards Controversy in Korea (PDF). University of Edinburgh.
  3. ^ a b c Lunde, Ken (1995-12-18). “2.4.6: Obsolete Standards”. CJK.INF Version 1.9.
  4. ^ a b Shin, Jungshik. “What are KS X 1001(KS C 5601) and other Hangul codes?”. Hangul & Internet in Korea FAQ.
  5. ^ a b c d Lunde, Ken (1995-12-18). “3.3.6: N-byte Hangul”. CJK.INF Version 1.9.
  6. ^ a b “INFO: Hangul (Korean) Character Sets”, Microsoft Support, Microsoft
  7. ^ a b Zsigri, Gyula (2002-06-18). “KSC and UHC”.
  8. ^ Chang, Hye-Shik (28 November 2021). “cpython/Modules/cjkcodecs/_codecs_kr.c (revision d3faf43)”. cPython source tree. Python Software Foundation.
  9. ^ a b c Chung, Jaemin (2017-03-30). Proposal to add an informative note to U+3164 HANGUL FILLER (PDF). Unicode Consortium. UTC L2/17-081.
  10. ^ a b Korea Bureau of Standards (1988-10-01). Korean Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-149.
  11. ^ “ibm-1363_P110-1997 (lead byte A1)”. ICU Demonstration – Converter Explorer. International Components for Unicode / Unicode Consortium.
  12. ^ “euc-kr (lead byte A1)”. ICU Demonstration – Converter Explorer. International Components for Unicode.
  13. ^ a b c d “Map (external version) from Mac OS Korean encoding to Unicode 3.2 and later”. Apple.
  14. ^ “windows-949-2000 (lead byte A1)”. ICU Demonstration – Converter Explorer. International Components for Unicode / Unicode Consortium.
  15. ^ a b c d “Lead Byte A1-A2 (Code page 949)”. MSDN. Microsoft. 6 February 2008.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Apple (2005-04-05). “Map (external version) from Mac OS Korean encoding to Unicode 3.2 and later”. Unicode Consortium.
  17. ^ “windows-949-2000 (lead byte A2)”. ICU Demonstration – Converter Explorer. International Components for Unicode / Unicode Consortium.
  18. ^ a b Lunde, Ken (2018-01-21). “Proposal to add standardized variation sequences for fullwidth East Asian punctuation” (PDF). UTC L2/17-436.
  19. ^ a b “StandardizedVariants.txt: Standardized Variation Sequences”. Unicode Character Database. Unicode Consortium.
  20. ^ Lunde, Ken (2009). “Seemingly Missing Characters”. CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1.
  21. ^ a b Lunde, Ken (2009). “Appendix E: Vendor Character Set Standards” (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  22. ^ a b c Lunde, Ken (2008). “Chapter 4: Encoding Methods (§ Johab Encoding—KS X 1001:2004)”. CJKV Information Processing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, California: O’Reilly Media. pp. 268–273. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1.
  23. ^ a b Shin, Jungshik (2011-10-14) [1999-08-16]. Johab to Unicode table. Unicode Consortium.
  24. ^ “Code Page Identifiers”. Windows Dev Center. Microsoft. 7 January 2021.
  25. ^ a b “ibm-1364_P110-2007”. International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium.
  26. ^ “ibm-933_P110-1995”. International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium.
  27. ^ “Code Page 01040” (PDF). IBM. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-07-08.
  28. ^ “Code Page 00891” (PDF). IBM. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-07-08.
  29. ^ “KSRI-87-37-IR: 한글·한자 코드 표준화에 관한 연구: A Study on Standardization of Hangul and Hanja Codes” (PDF) (in Korean). Ministry of Science and Technology. 1987. p. 68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-01.