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Ellimma is an extinct genus of freshwater clupeomorph fish belonging to the order Ellimmichthyiformes. It was a distant relative of modern herrings and anchovies.[1] Fossil remains are known from the Early Cretaceous of South America.

Two species are known:

The species E. longipectoralis was described from nearly complete fossil specimens within a drill core from oil exploration, recovered 200 kilometres (120 miles) offshore at a depth of 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) below sea level. It represents the first articulated vertebrate specimen known from the offshore Santos Basin and a significant southwards range extension for the genus. It appears to have inhabited an alkaline shallow lake environment.[4]

The genus name Ellimma was coined in 1913 to replace the name Ellipes, which was preoccupied by a modern genus of orthopteran insect.[5] Ellipes was previously coined in 1910 by Jordan for a fossil herring-like fish from Brazil described by Edward Drinker Cope as Diplomystus longicostatus.[6] A new species of Ellima, E. branneri, was also described alongside the genus, which was fixed as the type species of the genus.[5] In 1919, Jordan noted the significant morphological differences between E. branneri and E. longicostatus, most notably the sharply elevated back of the latter, and placed the latter species in the new genus Ellimmichthys.[5] However, the genus Ellimma as a whole may be paraphyletic with respect to Ellimmichthys, as some phylogenies show both species in both genera being sister to one another. The species E. cruzae from the Cabo Formation of Brazil is now placed in its own genus, Caboellimma.[7] The species E. elmodenae from the Late Miocene of California, US, initially also placed in Ellimma by Jordan, is now placed in the true herring genus Xyrinius.[5][8]

References

  1. ^ “PBDB Taxon”. paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-12.
  2. ^ Chan, Mee-Mann; Maisey, John G. (2003). “Redescription of †Ellimma branneri and †Diplomystus shengliensis, and Relationships of Some Basal Clupeomorphs”. American Museum Novitates (3404): 1–35. Retrieved 2026-06-13.
  3. ^ Lindoso, Rafael Matos; Maisey, John Graham; Carvalho, Ismar de Souza (2016-04-01). “Ichthyofauna from the Codó Formation, Lower Cretaceous (Aptian, Parnaíba Basin), Northeastern Brazil and their paleobiogeographical and paleoecological significance”. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 447: 53–64. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.01.045. ISSN 0031-0182.
  4. ^ a b Polck, Márcia Aparecida dos Reis; Gallo, Valéria; de Figueiredo, Francisco J.; Viana, Samuel Magalhães; dos Santos, Viviane Sampaio Santiago; de Queiroz Neto, João Villar; Jahnert, Ricardo Jorge (2020-03-01). “†Ellimma longipectoralis sp. nov. (Teleostei: Clupeomorpha: †Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Aptian of the Santos Basin, southeastern Brazil”. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 98 102318. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102318. ISSN 0895-9811.
  5. ^ a b c d Jordan, David Starr (1919). The Genera of Fishes …: A Contribution to the Stability of Scientific Nomenclature. The University.
  6. ^ Jordan, David Starr (1910). “Description of a collection of fossil fishes from the bituminous shales at Riacho Doce, State of Alagoas, Brazil”. Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 7 (1): 23–34. doi:10.5962/p.78074. ISSN 0097-4463. Archived from the original on 2024-09-14.
  7. ^ “Caboellimma, a new genus for “Ellimma” cruzae Santos, 1990, an ellimmichthyiform fish (Teleostei: Clupeomorpha) from the Cabo Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Pernambuco-Paraíba Basin, north-east Brazil”. Cretaceous Research. 142 105393. 2023-02-01. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105393. ISSN 0195-6671.
  8. ^ California Academy of Sciences (1890). Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco : California Academy of Sciences.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)