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Feyli Kurds (Kurdish: فه‌یلی/فەێلی, romanized: Feylî[1][2]) are a collection of Kurdish tribes in the borderlands between Iraq and Iran. Historically, the lands of the Feyli Kurds were ruled by the Vali dynasty. Feyli Kurds are distinct from Feyli Lurs, and they speak the Feyli dialect of Southern Kurdish, which is also known as “Ilami” and is distinct from the Feyli dialect of northern Luri.[3][4][5] They are mostly Shia Muslims.[6]

Feyli Kurdish was traditionally spoken in Ilam and Kermanshah provinces in Iran and in eastern Iraq.[4] In 2017, their population in Iraq was estimated around 1,500,000, mainly in Baghdad, but also the eastern parts of Diyala, Wasit, Maysan, and Basra provinces, with many also in the Kurdistan Region.[7] In 2008, there were 7,000 Feyli Kurdish refugees from Iraq in Iran.[8]

Etymology

The term “Feyli” was associated with the Vali dynasty, and was applied to all tribes that were under their authority. While the Vali dynasty was Lur, it ruled over Kurdish, Lur, and Lak tribes.[9][10][11] It was generally agreed that the term “Feyli” referred to the Vali dynasty and was applied to the tribes under their rule, although there were disagreements over what “Feyli” actually meant.[12] Some suggested that the term “Feyli” was an Arabized form of “Pahla” or “Pahlavi”.[13] Others suggested it came from the Arabic word “Fi’ili” (فعلي), meaning “authentic”, and that it was first applied to the Lurs of Lur-e-Kuchak to distinguish them from the less “authentic” Lurs of Lur-e-Bozorg.[14]

From the Safavid to the Qajar eras, all the tribes living under the Vali dynasty were collectively referred to as “Feyli Lurs” in official settings, which also included the Kurdish tribes.[11] Feyli Kurds were often mislabeled as Feyli Lurs in historical documents, mostly because Posht-e-Kuh was under Lur governance for over 700 years under the Khorshidis and Valis, thus being considered part of Lur-e-Kuchak, causing many writers throughout history to assume that Posht-e-Kuh was mostly Lur like the rest of Luristan. However, writers who personally went to Posht-e-Kuh, or did sufficient research, did mention the Feyli Kurds.[15]

By the early 21st century, the term “Feyli Kurds” was applied to the Kurds of Ilam province in Iran, and the Kurds from the Shia-majority parts of Iraqi Kurdistan.[16] Historically, the term “Feyli” was sometimes used to generalize all dialects of Southern Kurdish or Northern Luri, although academics gradually stopped using the term by the 21st century due to its inherent ambiguity, and to avoid the conflation of Feyli Kurds and Feyli Lurs.[17][18] Fattah added that none of the Southern Kurdish or Northern Luri communities which were commonly labelled “Feyli” actually identified with the term, except for some Kurds in Baghdad.[18]

History

Feyli Kurds originated from the region historically known as Masabadhan. After the Islamic conquest of Iran, Masabadhan was frequently mentioned as a region of Jibal. The term Luristan came into use with the rise of the Lur dynasties such as the Khorshidis. Under the Lur dynasties, the region of Masabadhan became known as Posht-e-Kuh, and made up the western part of historical Lur-e-Kuchak.[19][20] The Kurds of Masabadhan (and the wider Jibal region) were frequently mentioned by Arab historians after the Islamic conquests, after which several native Kurdish dynasties rose from the region, including the Hasanwayhids and Annazids.[21]

According to the 12th century Mojmal al-Tawarikh, the Hasanwayhids originated from the rulers of Jibal and Masabadhan.[22] The Hasanwayhids were a Kurdish dynasty which descended from Hasanwayh, who succeeded his maternal uncle, the last ruler of the Kurdish Aishanid dynasty.[23] The Hasanwayhids were succeeded by the Annazids, another Kurdish dynasty which was related to them by marriage and in a rivalry with them. The Annazids ruled over a vast territory, on both sides of what later became the Iran–Iraq borderlands.[22] After the Annazids collapsed, their territory was incorporated by the Lur Khorshidi dynasty, beginning the Lur governance over the region.[24]

The region of Posht-e-Kuh had a Kurdish majority, with Lurs in the south and Laks in the east. Lurs were the majority of Pish-e-Kuh which had a Lak population in the north.[25][26] In 1655-1656, Evliya Çelebi travelled from Baghdad to Shahrizur and Erbil, passing through the Safavid vilayat of Lorestan, which he stated was under the Vali dynasty and independent from both the Safavids and Ottomans. He wrote about the presence of the “Kurds of Luristan” (Ekrad-i Luristan) in the region, as well as several mixed towns inhabited by both Luristani Kurds and Sunni Kurds. Martin van Bruinessen stated that it was likely that the “Luristani Kurds” mentioned by Evliya Çelebi were the Feyli Kurds.[27]

When the Russian-Ottoman-Persian boundary commission surveyed the borders from 1848 to 1852, Mehmed Hurşid Paşa, a member of the commission, wrote a travelogue in which he wrote that there were two main groups along the southern parts of the Ottoman-Iranian borders, the Arab Bani Lam and the Feyli tribes. He wrote that the Feyli tribes were “entirely Kurds” (kâffesi Ekrâd) and also “Persian subjects” (İran’a tâbi’i), and listed the tribes of Posht-e-Kuh and Pish-e-Kuh, which he estimated to be 50,000, and added that they were mostly Shia with Yarsani minorities and had scholars and poets which wrote in both Persian “and their own language, Gurani.”[27] Hurşid listed the Feyli tribes in Posht-e-Kuh as the Kord, Mahaki, Rizawand, Charkhesetun, Dinarwand, and Shadkhun, and those in Pish-e-Kuh as Kakawand, Bitiyawand, Muminawand, Bitirnawand, and Jawari, in addition to the Silsilah tribe in Dilfan, the Amala tribe, the Hulaylani tribes (Osmanwand, Jalalwand, Dajiyawand, Balawand, and Suramiri), the Bajalan tribes (Daliyawand and Sagwand), and the Beyranvand tribes (Aliyyawand and Dushiyyawand). Hurşid wrote that the city of Khanaqin and province of Kermanshah were Kurdish but not considered Feyli, and that the center of the Feyli Kurds was Dih-i-Bala.[27] The Ottomans noted the existence of a Feyli community (Feyli ta’ifesi) in Kirkuk in 1910, while others were counted just as members of a tribe (Feyli aşireti).[28]

At the beginning of the 19th century, many Feyli Kurds migrated westwards from Posht-e-Kuh across the border to eastern Iraq, where there was already a Feyli Kurdish community, and some went to Baghdad.[15][29] In 1928, the Iranian government ordered its consulate in Baghdad to provide Feyli Kurds with incentives to return to Iran.[30] The Iranian consulate of Mandali in 1925 estimated that over 20,000 Feyli Kurds migrated from Iran to Iraq that year, with 10,000 in the Kurdish villages of eastern Iraq, 4,000 in Baghdad, and the rest in Kirkuk and southern Iraq. There were more Feyli Kurds in Iraq than in Iran. At the beginning of the 1920s, around 20,000 of the total population of 185,000-200,000 in Baghdad were Feyli Kurds.[31] In 1936, after the Pahlavi government established authority in Posht-e-Kuh, the region was renamed Ilam.[32] In 1937, Ilam, consisting of 10 districts, 10 rural sub-districts, 366 villages, and a population of 105,000, was formed as a sub-province of the Fifth Province of Kurdistan and Kermanshahan. It remained such until 1964, when the Ilam sub-province was promoted to a governorate-general, remaining in that status until 1972. The following year, Ilam was promoted to a province.[33][34]

In 1916, Muhammad Amin Zaki Beg went on an official trip to Posht-e-Kuh where he met the Vali. He wrote that he had no issues speaking Kurdish with the locals, who identified themselves as Kurds. He also wrote that even the Vali of Posht-e-Kuh knew Kurdish.[35] Hossein-Ali Razmara, an officer in the geography unit of the Iranian Army, and older brother of Ali Razmara, visited Posht-e-Kuh in 1941 and wrote that most tribes were Kurdish and had an ancient presence there.[36] In 1953, British historian Stephen Hemsley Longrigg mentioned the Feyli Kurds while writing about the political history of Iraq. He added that the land of the Lurs was divided into Greater and Lesser Luristan, the latter of which was divided into Pish-e-Kuh and Posh-e-Kuh, with Posht-e-Kuh being the home of the Feyli Kurds, who were familiar in Baghdad and Basra where they monopolized their occupation as porters of heavy loads, and lived as traders and craftsmen in the middle-Tigris and Gharraf regions, and also dominated Mandali, Badra, and the nearby villages.[37]

The connection of the Feyli Kurds to the trade routes between Iran and Iraq gave them an important role in Baghdad’s commerce, and the Exodus of Iranian Jews to Israel in 1948, which included Jewish merchants, allowed Feyli Kurdish merchants to dominate the trade industry.[29] In the 1970s, many Feyli Kurds were leaders in the Kurdish national movement in Iraq and the wealthy Feyli Kurdish businessmen greatly contributed to the financing of the movement.[38] A Feyli Kurd became a member of the Baghdad Chamber of Commerce in the 1960s.[39]

Before the Ba’athist era, most Feyli Kurds were involved in politics, in which they supported either the Kurdistan Democratic Party or the Iraqi Communist Party.[40] The Feyli Kurds had a hybrid identity as ethnic Kurds, Iraqi nationals, and Shia Muslims. As Shias, they were a minority among the Kurds but a majority among the Arabs. As Kurds, they were a minority among the Arabs. While an Iraqi identity offered them a better position, the laxk of Iraqi citizenship affected their attachment to Iraq. This situation encouraged many Feyli Kurds to join the Iraqi Communist Party which spoke against discrimination.[41] While many of the Kurds from further north joined the ICP to transform Kurdish society, the Feyli Kurds usually joined the ICP to escape discrimination. During the KDP-ICP conflict, Abdulmajid Lutfi, a Feyli Kurdish member of the ICP, wrote an article in al-Ta’akhi, the KDP Arabic magazine, calling on Aziz Muhammad, a Kurdish leader in the ICP, to resolve the conflict.[42]

After the Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970, which included the appointment of a Kurdish vice president of Iraq, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) nominated Habib Karim, a Feyli Kurd, although the Iraqi government refused to approve the nomination, accusing him of having Iranian origin. Throughout the Ba’athist period, the Feyli Kurds were persecuted. Although the Iraqi government officially justified the persecution of Feyli Kurds by claiming they were originally Iranian, its main goal was to reduce Kurdish influence in Iraq.[43] When Mustafa Barzani left for Iran in 1975, Feyli Kurds began supporting other Kurdish groups, primarily the PUK.[44] During the Ba’athist period, the Feyli Kurds generally supported the Kurdish nationalist groups, or the SCIRI which had Kurdish Shia representatives.[45] Many Feyli Kurds joined the Islamic Dawa Party during the Ba’athist period.[46] Before the SCIRI was founded, Abduljalil al-Fayli and his associates officially founded the Fayli Kurdish Muslim Movement on March 21, 1981, with the aim of politically mobilizing the Feyli Kurds in Iran, where they made up the majority of Iraqi exiles and deportees. The group had a Shia orientation, but also a strong nationalist orientation, with its founder Abduljalil al-Fayli being a former KDP activist, and the group being aware that Feyli Kurds leaned towards nationalism more than religion.[40]

After Saddam Hussein was overthrown in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the official state persecution of the Feyli Kurds came to an end, and their situation began to improve.[47] Many Feyli Kurds rose to prominent positions, including Fuad Hussein.[48] Aras Habib Karim, a Feyli Kurd from a family with longstanding KDP ties, also served as the intelligence chief of the Iraqi National Congress.[49] Feyli Kurds were recognized in the Iraqi constitution of 2005.[50] In January 2019, Feyli Kurds received a reserved minority seat in Wasit Governorate,[51] which was won by Mazen Abdel Moneim Gomaa who had 5,078 votes in the 2018 Iraqi parliamentary election.[52]

By the early 2000s, around half of the Feyli Kurds in Iraq were native to eastern Iraq, while the other half descended from those who migrated from Posht-e-Kuh.[53] Many Feyli Kurds complained about Western scholars portraying them as “Arabized Kurds.” In November 2007, Sa’ad Iskandar, a Feyli Kurd serving as the director of the Iraqi national archive, strongly criticized a scholar for using the term and argued that it diminished the Kurdishness of the Feyli Kurds.[42]

During the war on the Islamic State in 2014, the Peshmerga established a Feyli Kurdish militia, as part of several Yazidi, Kaka’i, and Christian militias under the Ministry of Peshmerga Affairs.[54] The Popular Mobilization Forces also established a Feyli Kurdish militia under the Badr Brigades.[55] After the 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum, Feyli Kurds in Baghdad became targets of Anti-Kurdish attacks, and many fled to the Kurdistan Region.[56]

Subdivisions

The Kurdish tribes which historically lived under the Vali dynasty were considered Feyli Kurds. They lived mainly in Ilam province and adjacent areas of eastern Iraq.[57][58][59] Kurdish tribes which were considered Feyli included the Kordali, Malekshahi, Khezel, Dehbalayi, Kalhor, Hazara (Arkavazi-Boli), Suramiri, Rizavand, Mishkhas, Shuhan, Ali Sherwan, among many others.[60][61]

Language

The Feyli Kurds speak the Feyli dialect of southern Kurdish. Their dialect was also known as Ilami, as most of its speakers traditionally lived in Ilam province, and to distinguish it from the dialects of Northern Luri which were also called Feyli. By the 21st century, linguists gradually stopped using the term Feyli to avoid conflation as it was naturally an ambiguous term.[57][62][63] Feyli Kurdish dialects were also called “Kurdish of the Vali” (کردی والی; Kordi-ye Vali), referring to the Vali of Luristan.[64]

Historically, due to Lur governance, the Kurdish dialects of Ilam province (Posht-e-Kuh) were often incorrectly classified as Luri, although later and more thorough linguistic studies in the 20th and 21st centuries revealed their Kurdish nature.[62]

The term Feyli was sometimes also applied incorrectly on all dialects of Southern Kurdish.[63] Fattah claimed that Feyli Kurdish and the other dialects of Southern Kurdish were “interrelated and largely mutually intelligible.”[65] In Posht-e-Kuh, the largest language was traditionally Southern Kurdish.[66]

Notable Feyli Kurds

See also

References

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