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HH70 is a tokamak developed by the Chinese fusion power company Energy Singularity. It has been in operation since June 2024. The reactor is notable as the first tokamak to employ high-temperature superconductors exclusively for its magnet system.

History

Energy Singularity formed in June 2021. The design work on HH70 (Hóng Huāng or ‘primal chaos’) began in March 2022. HH70 was designed to be smaller and more cost-effective than conventional tokamaks by using high-temperature superconductors.[2] The company completed construction in February 2024 and achieved first plasma in June 2024.[3] The company said that the cost was $16M. Alex Kimani has cited the completion of HH70 before ITER and SPARC as evidence of a first-mover advantage for China.[4]

Energy Singularity is working on the successor reactor, H170, targeting a fusion energy gain factor (Q) greater than 10 by 2027 at a forecast cost of $420M.[5][6]

Technology

Unlike earlier tokamak efforts such as the Joint European Torus or ITER, HH70’s magnet system is built entirely with high-temperature superconductors. The choice of ReBCO significantly reduces the reactor’s required volume.[2] The number 70 reflects the major radius.[6] A similar approach is under way at Commonwealth Fusion Systems, building SPARC. In late 2024, HH70 created a toroidal magnetic field exceeding 1 tesla.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Li, Z. Y.; Pan, Z. C.; Zhang, Q. J.; Zhu, K. P.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, Z. W.; Dong, G.; Ye, Y. M.; Yang, Z. (2024-12-01). “Development and construction of magnet system for world’s first full high temperature superconducting tokamak”. Superconductivity. 12 100137. doi:10.1016/j.supcon.2024.100137. ISSN 2772-8307.
  2. ^ a b Malayil, Jijo. “Energy Singularity seeks $500M for record-breaking fusion reactor”. Interesting Engineering. Archived from the original on 2025-02-12. Retrieved 2025-02-15.
  3. ^ “China’s commercial ‘artificial sun’ achieves first discharge-Ecns.cn”. ECNS. Retrieved 2025-02-15.
  4. ^ Kimani, Alex (2024-07-18). “China Has Just Gained First-Mover Advantage In Nuclear Fusion”. OilPrice.com. Retrieved 2025-02-15.
  5. ^ Guardian, Sri Lanka (2025-01-29). “China Surpasses U.S. in Nuclear Fusion Race, Breaks Record Again”. slguardian.org. Archived from the original on 2025-02-10. Retrieved 2025-02-15.
  6. ^ a b Harding, Caleb (March 26, 2026). “Fusion’s DeepSeek Moment?”. www.chinatalk.media. Retrieved 2026-04-06.
  7. ^ Energysingularity, 由 (2024-12-31). “The Toroidal Magnetic Field (B0) of HH70 Exceeded 1 tesla – Energy Singularity” (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 2025-02-15.