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A hemangiopericytoma is a type of soft-tissue sarcoma that originates in the pericytes in the walls of capillaries. When inside the nervous system, although not strictly a meningioma tumor, it is a meningeal tumor with a special aggressive behavior. It was first characterized in 1942.[2]

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of hemangiopericytoma vary greatly depending on both tumor stage and affected organs. Most patients report pain and mass-related symptoms, while others also report vascular disease-related symptoms, and some have no symptoms until late in the disease process. Hemangiopericytomas are most commonly found in the meninges, lower extremities, retroperitoneum, pelvis, lungs, and pleura.[3]

Histopathology

Hemangiopericytomas are tumors that are derived from specialized spindle shaped cells called pericytes, which line capillaries.[4]

Hemangiopericytoma is an aggressive mesenchymally derived tumor with oval nuclei with scant cytoplasm. There is dense intercellular reticulin staining. Tumor cells can be fibroblastic, myxoid, or pericytic. These tumors, in contrast to meningiomas, do not stain with epithelial membrane antigen. They have a grade 2 or 3 biological behavior, and need to be distinguished from benign meningiomas because of their high rate of recurrence (68.2%) and metastases.

— W. Sherman and J. Raizer, “Meningiomas”, MedMerits (2011), E.J. Dropcho (ed.)[5][6][7]

Distinguishing Hemangiopericytoma from Meningiomas through Molecular Genetics:

Data has shown that there has been some possible leads to treatment targets based on genes[8]. The ALDH1 gene has shown to be over expressed in Hemangiopericytomas more than Meningiomas and synovial sarcomas.[9] This will help doctors accurately distinguish Hemangiopericytoma from other similar tumors.[10] This gene could also be a treatment target for future cases.

There has also been further data collected regarding genes that distinguish Meningiomas from Hemangiopericytomas. These two forms of tumors are very similar under a microscope. To combat this issue, scientists decided to the study the NF2 gene using polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing[11]. This revealed that damage to the NF2 gene was only apparent in some cases with Meningiomas[12]. This discovery helped support the difference between Meningiomas and Hemangiopericytomas and has helped with potential treatment plans[13].

A study on Hemangiopericytoma tumor samples confirmed both the findings above through looking at the overall genetics’ changes between the two. Meningiomas have a typical genetic patterns, that were not seen in the Hemangiopericytoma samples.[14] Additionally, there was an observed loss of genes on certain chromosomes which is not seen in Meningiomas.[15] Overall, these findings confirm that these two tumor-entities are not the same.[16]

Diagnosis

Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are not effective methods for diagnosis of hemangiocytomas. In practice, a presumptive diagnosis is often reached through exclusion of other soft tissue tumors, and a tissue biopsy is required to confirm diagnosis.[3]

Treatment

Depending on the grade of the sarcoma, it is treated with surgery,[17] chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy. Though surgery is the current standard of care for hemangiopericytomas, metastasis and tumor recurrence occur in more than 30% of patients, in particular recurrence in the pelvis and retroperitoneum[3] and metastasis in bone and lungs.[18] Radiotherapy does not appear to provide a significant survival benefit but is recommended for use in patients with tumors greater than 5 cm in diameter or with inadequate resection margins after surgery. Clinical benefits of chemotherapy in soft tissue tumors remains unclear. However, the combination of surgery and chemotherapy appears to worsen survival in hemangiopericytoma patients.[3]

More research is needed to determine efficacy of different types of treatment.[3]

Epidemiology

In one series, the median age of affected individuals was 45 years, with a 10-year survival rate of 70 percent.[1] In another study, age over 45 and female sex were associated with worse survival rates in hemangiopericytomas.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Enzinger FM, Smith BH (January 1976). “Hemangiopericytoma. An analysis of 106 cases”. Human Pathology. 7 (1): 61–82. doi:10.1016/s0046-8177(76)80006-8. PMID 1244311.
  2. ^ Stout AP, Murray MR (July 1942). “Hemangiopericytoma: a vascular tumor featuring Zimmermann’s pericytes”. Annals of Surgery. 116 (1): 26–33. doi:10.1097/00000658-194207000-00004. PMC 1543753. PMID 17858068.
  3. ^ a b c d e Wang K, Mei F, Wu S, Tan Z (2020-11-03). “Hemangiopericytoma: Incidence, Treatment, and Prognosis Analysis Based on SEER Database”. BioMed Research International. 2020 2468320. doi:10.1155/2020/2468320. PMC 7655240. PMID 33204688.
  4. ^ Gerner RE, Moore GE, Pickren JW (February 1974). “Hemangiopericytoma”. Annals of Surgery. 179 (2): 128–132. doi:10.1097/00000658-197402000-00002. PMC 1355764. PMID 4359454. S2CID 220588367.
  5. ^ Maier H, Ofner D, Hittmair A, Kitz K, Budka H (October 1992). “Classic, atypical, and anaplastic meningioma: three histopathological subtypes of clinical relevance”. Journal of Neurosurgery. 77 (4): 616–623. doi:10.3171/jns.1992.77.4.0616. PMID 1527622.
  6. ^ Kleihues P, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW (1993). “Histological typing of tumours of the central nervous system”. World Health Organization. Berlin: Springer-Verlag (30) (2nd ed.).
  7. ^ Sherman W, Raizer J (2011). Dropcho EJ (ed.). “Meningiomas”. Medmerits. Section 2, “Historical note and nomenclature”. Archived from the original on 2012-03-31. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  8. ^ Pavelić, K.; Čabrijan, T.; Hrašćan, R.; Vrkljan, M.; Lipovac, M.; Kapitanović, S.; Gall-Trošelj, K.; Herak Bosnar, M.; Tomac, A.; Gršković, B.; Karapandža, N.; Pavelić, L. J.; Krušlin, B.; Spaventi, Š.; Pavelić, J. (1998-07-01). “Molecular pathology of hemangiopericytomas accompanied by severe hypoglycemia: oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes and the insulin-like growth factor family”. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 124 (6): 307–314. doi:10.1007/s004320050174. ISSN 1432-1335. PMC 12201853. PMID 9692837.
  9. ^ Bouvier, Corinne; Bertucci, François; Métellus, Philippe; Finetti, Pascal; de Paula, André Maues; Forest, Fabien; Mokhtari, Karima; Miquel, Catherine; Birnbaum, Daniel; Vasiljevic, Alexandre; Jouvet, Anne; Coindre, Jean-Michel; Loundou, Anderson; Figarella-Branger, Dominique (2013-05-09). “ALDH1 is an immunohistochemical diagnostic marker for solitary fibrous tumours and haemangiopericytomas of the meninges emerging from gene profiling study”. Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 1 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/2051-5960-1-10. ISSN 2051-5960. PMC 3893364. PMID 24252471.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ Bouvier, Corinne; Bertucci, François; Métellus, Philippe; Finetti, Pascal; de Paula, André Maues; Forest, Fabien; Mokhtari, Karima; Miquel, Catherine; Birnbaum, Daniel; Vasiljevic, Alexandre; Jouvet, Anne; Coindre, Jean-Michel; Loundou, Anderson; Figarella-Branger, Dominique (2013-05-09). “ALDH1 is an immunohistochemical diagnostic marker for solitary fibrous tumours and haemangiopericytomas of the meninges emerging from gene profiling study”. Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 1 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/2051-5960-1-10. ISSN 2051-5960. PMC 3893364. PMID 24252471 – via PubMed.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ Joseph, J. T.; Lisle, D. K.; Jacoby, L. B.; Paulus, W.; Barone, R.; Cohen, M. L.; Roggendorf, W. H.; Bruner, J. M.; Gusella, J. F.; Louis, D. N. “NF2 gene analysis distinguishes hemangiopericytoma from meningioma”. The American Journal of Pathology. 147 (5): 1450–1455. ISSN 0002-9440. PMC 1869503. PMID 7485407.
  12. ^ Joseph, J. T.; Lisle, D. K.; Jacoby, L. B.; Paulus, W.; Barone, R.; Cohen, M. L.; Roggendorf, W. H.; Bruner, J. M.; Gusella, J. F.; Louis, D. N. “NF2 gene analysis distinguishes hemangiopericytoma from meningioma”. The American Journal of Pathology. 147 (5): 1450–1455. ISSN 0002-9440. PMC 1869503. PMID 7485407.
  13. ^ Joseph, J. T.; Lisle, D. K.; Jacoby, L. B.; Paulus, W.; Barone, R.; Cohen, M. L.; Roggendorf, W. H.; Bruner, J. M.; Gusella, J. F.; Louis, D. N. “NF2 gene analysis distinguishes hemangiopericytoma from meningioma”. The American Journal of Pathology. 147 (5): 1450–1455. ISSN 0002-9440. PMC 1869503. PMID 7485407.
  14. ^ Kraemer, D.; Orie, S. I.; Ketter, R.; Oertel, J.; Urbschat, S. (2014-09-01). “O1.07 * INTRACRANIAL HEMANGIOPERICYTOMAS LACK TYPICAL CYTOGENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES OF MENINGIOMAS: A COMPREHENSIVE MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDY”. Neuro-Oncology. 16 (suppl 2): ii2–ii3. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nou174.7. ISSN 1522-8517. PMC 4185839.
  15. ^ Kraemer, D.; Orie, S. I.; Ketter, R.; Oertel, J.; Urbschat, S. (2014-09-01). “O1.07 * INTRACRANIAL HEMANGIOPERICYTOMAS LACK TYPICAL CYTOGENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES OF MENINGIOMAS: A COMPREHENSIVE MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDY”. Neuro-Oncology. 16 (suppl 2): ii2–ii3. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nou174.7. ISSN 1522-8517. PMC 4185839.
  16. ^ Kraemer, D.; Orie, S. I.; Ketter, R.; Oertel, J.; Urbschat, S. (2014-09-01). “O1.07 * INTRACRANIAL HEMANGIOPERICYTOMAS LACK TYPICAL CYTOGENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES OF MENINGIOMAS: A COMPREHENSIVE MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDY”. Neuro-Oncology. 16 (suppl 2): ii2–ii3. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nou174.7. ISSN 1522-8517. PMC 4185839.
  17. ^ Ozaki N, Mukohara N, Yoshida M, Shida T (April 2006). “Successful resection of giant hemangiopericytoma originating from the left atrium”. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. 5 (2): 79–80. doi:10.1510/icvts.2005.124107. PMID 17670519.
  18. ^ a b Shin DW, Kim JH, Chong S, Song SW, Kim YH, Cho YH, et al. (September 2021). “Intracranial solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma: tumor reclassification and assessment of treatment outcome via the 2016 WHO classification”. Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 154 (2): 171–178. doi:10.1007/s11060-021-03733-7. PMID 34417710. S2CID 237245514.

Further reading

  • Schiariti M, Goetz P, El-Maghraby H, Tailor J, Kitchen N (March 2011). “Hemangiopericytoma: long-term outcome revisited. Clinical article”. Journal of Neurosurgery. 114 (3): 747–755. doi:10.3171/2010.6.JNS091660. PMID 20672899.