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Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (abbr: [1]

Two volunteer members of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (Swayamsevaks) that had settled in Kenya in the 1940s and started a shakha (branch). Since such shakhas were not on ‘national’ (rashtriya) soil, they were renamed as the branches of Bharatiya Swayamsevak Sangh, later Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS). RSS Pracharaks Bhaurao Deoras and others spent several years abroad to develop the organisation. During the Emergency RSS was banned in India and, consequently, sent its organisers abroad to seek support and carry out activism.^[1]

HSS in the United Kingdom was established in 1966, and shakhas were established in cities like Birmingham and Bradford.^[2]

In North America, the HSS gave the lead to the sister organisation Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP, World Hindu Council), which was founded in Canada in 1970 and in the United States in 1971. The HSS followed in its wake.^[3]

The HSS organisation in Australia, as elsewhere, says that its focus is on the country in which it is based and that it does not send money to India. It claims to be “ideologically inspired by the RSS vision of a progressive and dynamic Hindu society that can deal with its internal and external challenges, and contribute to the welfare of the whole world”. Aside from providing links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), they also have links with organisations such as the Vishwa Hindu Parishad and the Hindu Youth Network. The aim is to raise awareness in matters relating to Hindus but support no specific political party or candidate.^[4]

HSS Kenya was started in Nairobi on 14 January 1947 by Jagadish Chandra Shastri and Maneklal Rughani. It was originally known as Bharatiya Swayamsevak Sangh. Since then it has spread throughout Kenya with Shakhas operational in Mombasa, Nakuru, Kisumu, Eldoret, and Meru.^[5] HSS in Kenya also runs a socio-cultural-religious organisation of Hindus by the name of Hindu Religious Service Centre (HRSC). It was started in Nairobi in 1947.^[6]

The HSS was established in Nepal around 1992 by a group of Nepali students who were influenced by leaders of the Hindu nationalist RSS while studying in India. The two bodies share a similar Hindutva ideology. Their presence is particularly prevalent in the Terai region and they have regimented programs of education, dissemination of ideology and exercise as elsewhere in the world.^[7]

The Nepali HSS has been among several groups campaigning for a reversal of Nepal’s 2006 decision to become a secular state after years of being ruled by a Hindu royal family. They say that the king had not favoured Hindus, that the decision was engineered by anti-Hindu groups, included communists and missionaries, and that in any event, it was unnecessary because there had been no persecution of religious minorities under the previous system. Among their demands has been that only Hindus should be appointed to high official posts.^[7][8]

HSS in the United Kingdom was established in 1966.^[9] On 18 February 2015, the Charity Commission for England and Wales announced that it was opening an investigation into HSS and two other organisations that were featured in ITV’s Exposure programme.^[10] The broadcast showed a teacher at a HSS summer camp (Sangh Shiksha Varg or SSV) telling children that “the number of good Muslims ‘can be counted on one finger'” and that “to destroy Hindu history is the secret conspiracy of the Christians”.^[11]

The Charity Commission conducted an inquiry into the allegations and published a report on 2 September 2016.^[12] The inquiry found that there was mismanagement by the trustees who had failed to comply with their duties under charity law (page 4).^[13] It accepted the trustees’ testimony that the teacher was a ‘volunteer’ and did not find evidence that the views expressed the teacher were “endemic or systematic in the charity and its activities” (page 6).^[13] The Commission also found that there was no evidence of any formal links between the RSS and HSS (page 7).^[13] HSS UK often encourages those who have completed the 4 year curriculum at SSV to complete another year in Nagpur, India, called Vishwa Sangh Shiksha Varg or VSSV, a 21 day training camp aligned with RSS. This is not officially funded by HSS UK, but travel arrangements are often informally facilitated by some leaders within the organisation.

HSS UK is also linked to other RSS inspired organisations within the UK, with many founders having grown up with HSS. Some linked organisations include NHSF UK (National Hindu Students Forum), Vishwa Hindu Parishad UK, Sewa UK and more. Together they are known as the ‘Sangh Parivar’.

The RSS announced in 2014 that there were plans to establish HSS chapters in countries such as Denmark, Spain, Germany, Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Japan, Sweden and Norway. It claimed that the two organisations worked closely together and shared a similar ideology but were not as one.^[14]

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