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Naturally occurring manganese (25Mn) is composed of one stable isotope, 55Mn. Twenty-seven radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 53Mn with a half-life of 3.7 million years, 54Mn with a half-life of 312.08 days, and 52Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 3 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than a minute. This element also has seven meta states.

Manganese is part of the iron group of elements, which are thought to be synthesized in massive stars shortly before supernova explosions. Because of its relatively short half-life, 53Mn occurs on Earth only in tiny amounts due to the action of cosmic rays on iron in rocks.[4]

As 53Mn decays to 53Cr, manganese isotopic analysis is typically combined with that of chromium and this has found application in isotope geology and radiometric dating. Mn−Cr isotopic ratios reinforce the evidence from 26Al and 107Pd for the early history of the Solar System. Variations in 53Cr/52Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several meteorites indicate a non-zero initial 53Mn/55Mn ratio that implies Cr isotopic variations must result from in-situ decay of 53Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Hence 53Mn provides additional evidence for nucleosynthetic processes shortly before coalescence of the Solar System.

The isotopes of manganese range from 46Mn to 73Mn. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 55Mn, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay.

List of isotopes


Nuclide
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass (Da)
[n 2][n 3] 		Discovery
year[5][6] 		Half-life
 Decay
mode
[n 4] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 5] 		Spin and
parity
[n 6][n 7] 		Isotopic
abundance
Excitation energy[n 7]
46Mn 25 21 45.986669(93) 1987 36.2(4) ms β+, p (57.0%) 45V (4+)
β+ (25%) 46Cr
β+, 2p (18%) 44Ti
β+, α? 42Ti
47Mn 25 22 46.975774(34) 1987 88.0(13) ms β+ 47Cr 5/2−#
β+, p? (<1.7%) 46V
48Mn 25 23 47.9685488(72) 1987 158.1(22) ms β+ (99.72%) 48Cr 4+
β+, p (0.28%) 47V
β+, α (6×10−4%) 44Ti
49Mn 25 24 48.9596134(24) 1970 382(7) ms β+ 49Cr 5/2−
50Mn 25 25 49.95423816(12) 1952 283.21(7) ms β+ 50Cr 0+
50mMn 225.31(7) keV 1972 1.75(3) min β+ 50Cr 5+
51Mn 25 26 50.94820877(33) 1938 45.81(21) min β+ 51Cr 5/2−
52Mn 25 27 51.94555909(14) 1938 5.591(3) d β+ 52Cr 6+
52mMn 377.749(5) keV 1938 21.1(2) min β+ (98.22%) 52Cr 2+
IT (1.78%) 52Mn
53Mn 25 28 52.94128750(37) 1955 3.7(4)×106 y EC 53Cr 7/2− trace
54Mn 25 29 53.9403558(11) 1938 312.081(32) d EC 54Cr 3+
β− (9.3×10−5%) 54Fe
β+ (1.28×10−7%) 54Cr
55Mn 25 30 54.93804304(28) 1923 Stable 5/2− 1.0000
56Mn 25 31 55.93890282(31) 1934 2.5789(1) h β− 56Fe 3+
57Mn 25 32 56.9382859(16) 1954 85.4(18) s β− 57Fe 5/2−
58Mn 25 33 57.9400666(29) 1961 3.0(1) s β− 58Fe 1+
58mMn 71.77(5) keV 1969 65.4(5) s β− 58Fe 4+
IT? 58Mn
59Mn 25 34 58.9403911(25) 1976 4.59(5) s β− 59Fe 5/2−
60Mn 25 35 59.9431366(25) 1978 280(20) ms β− 60Fe 1+
60mMn 271.90(10) keV 1985 1.77(2) s β− (88.5%) 60Fe 4+
IT (11.5%) 60Mn
61Mn 25 36 60.9444525(25) 1980 709(8) ms β− 61Fe 5/2−
β−, n? 60Fe
62Mn 25 37 61.9479074(70) 1983 92(13) ms β− 62Fe 1+
β−, n? 61Fe
62mMn[n 8] 343(6) keV 1999 671(5) ms β− 62Fe 4+
β−, n? 61Fe
IT? 62Mn
63Mn 25 38 62.9496647(40) 1985 275(4) ms β− 63Fe 5/2−
β−, n? 62Fe
64Mn 25 39 63.9538494(38) 1985 88.8(24) ms β− (97.3%) 64Fe 1+
β−, n (2.7%) 63Fe
64mMn 174.1(5) keV 1998 439(31) μs IT 64Mn (4+)
65Mn 25 40 64.9560197(40) 1985 91.9(7) ms β− (92.1%) 65Fe (5/2−)
β−, n (7.9%) 64Fe
66Mn 25 41 65.960547(12) 1992 63.8(9) ms β− (92.6%) 66Fe (1+)
β−, n (7.4%) 65Fe
β−, 2n? 64Fe
66mMn 464.5(4) keV 2011 780(40) μs IT 66Mn (5−)
β−? 66Fe
67Mn 25 42 66.96395(22)# 1997 46.7(23) ms β− (90%) 67Fe 5/2−#
β−, n (10%) 66Fe
β−, 2n? 65Fe
68Mn 25 43 67.96895(32)# 1997 33.7(15) ms β− (82%) 68Fe (3)
β−, n (18%) 67Fe
β−, 2n? 66Fe
69Mn 25 44 68.97278(43)# 1997 22.1(16) ms β− (60%) 69Fe 5/2−#
β−, n (40%) 68Fe
β−, 2n? 67Fe
70Mn 25 45 69.97805(54)# 2009 19.9(17) ms β− 70Fe (4,5)
β−, n? 69Fe
β−, 2n? 68Fe
71Mn 25 46 70.98216(54)# 2010 16# ms
[>400 ns] 		β−? 71Fe 5/2-#
β−, n? 70Fe
β−, 2n? 69Fe
72Mn 25 47 71.98801(64)# 2013 12# ms
[>620 ns] 		β−? 72Fe
β−, n? 71Fe
β−, 2n? 70Fe
73Mn 25 48 72.99281(64)# 2017 12# ms
[>410 ns] 		β−? 73Fe 5/2−#
74Mn[7] 25 49 2026
75Mn[7] 25 50 2026
This table header & footer:
  1. ^ mMn – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ^ Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture


    IT: Isomeric transition
    n: Neutron emission
    p: Proton emission
  5. ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  6. ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  7. ^ a b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  8. ^ Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.

See also

Daughter products other than manganese

References

  1. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). “The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties” (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ^ “Standard Atomic Weights: Manganese”. CIAAW. 2017.
  3. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). “Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)”. Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. ^ J. Schaefer; et al. (2006). “Terrestrial manganese-53 — A new monitor of Earth surface processes”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 251 (3–4): 334–345. Bibcode:2006E&PSL.251..334S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.016.
  5. ^ FRIB Nuclear Data Group. “Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isotope Database”. doi:10.11578/frib/2279152.
  6. ^ FRIB Nuclear Data Group. “Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isomer Database”. doi:10.11578/frib/2572219.
  7. ^ a b Shimizu, Y; Rykaczewski, K P; Fukuda, N; Brewer, N T; Dillmann, I; Grzywacz, R K; Nishimura, S; Rasco, B C; Tain, J L; Suzuki, H; Takeda, H; Ahn, D S; Sumikama, T; Inabe, N; Yoshida, K; Ueno, H; Michimasa, S; Algora, A; Allmond, J M; Agramunt, J; Baba, H; Bae, S; Bruno, C G; Caballero-Folch, R; Calvino, F; Coleman-Smith, P J; Cortes, G; Davinson, T; Domingo-Pardo, C; Estrade, A; Go, S; Griffin, C J; Ha, J; Hall, O; Harkness-Brennan, L J; Heideman, J; Isobe, T; Kahl, D; Karny, M; Khiem, L H; King, T T; Kiss, G G; Korgul, A; Kubono, S; Labiche, M; Lazarus, I; Liang, J; Liu, J; Lorusso, G; Madurga, M; Matsui, K; Miernik, K; Montes, F; Morales, A I; Morrall, P; Nepal, N; Page, R D; Phong, V H; Piersa-Siłkowska, M; Prydderch, M; Pucknell, V F E; Rajabali, M M; Rubio, B; Saito, Y; Sakurai, H; Simpson, J; Singh, M; Stracener, D W; Tarifeño-Saldivia, A; Thomas, S L; Tolosa-Delgado, A; Wolinska-Cichocka, M; Woods, P J; Xu, X X; Yokoyama, R (6 March 2026). “Exploration of Neutron-Rich Isotopes around N = 50 via the In-Flight Fission of a 345 MeV/Nucleon 238U Beam”. Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. 2026 (3). doi:10.1093/ptep/ptag036.