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Mataguayan (also Matacoan, Matákoan, Mataguayo, Mataco–Mataguayo, Matacoano, Matacoana) is a language family of northern Argentina, western Paraguay, and southeastern Bolivia.

Family division

Matacoan consists of four clusters of languages: Wichí, Chorote, Nivaĉle, and Maká. Wichí and Chorote constitute a well-supported clade within the family.[1] It has also been proposed that Maká and Nivaĉle form a clade,[2][3] however, Nivaĉle also shares several innovations with Chorote–Wichí, casting doubt on the validity of the Maká–Nivaĉle clade.[4]

Gordon (2005) in Ethnologue divides Wichí into three separate languages and Chorote into two languages.

  • Matacoan
    • Wichí-Chorote
    • (?) Maká-Nivaclé
      • Nivaclé (also known as Nivaĉle, Chulupí–Ashlushlay, Chulupí, Ajlujlay, Alhulhai, Niwaklé, Niwaqli, Churupi, Chulupe. The name Chulupí is common but pejorative.)
        • Forest Nivaclé
        • River Nivaclé
      • Maká (also known as Macá, Maca, Towolhi, Toothle, Nynaka, Mak’á, Enimaca, Enimaga)
        • Ma’ká (also known as Towolhi)
        • Enimaga (also known as Enimaa, Kochaboth)

Mason (1950)

Internal classification by Mason (1950):[5]

  • Mataco-Maca
    • Mataco
      • Mataco-Mataguayo
        • Mataco
          • Guisnay
          • Nocten (Octenai)
        • Mataguayo
          • Northern: Hueshuo, Pesatupe, Abucheta
          • Southern: Vejoz
      • Chorotí-Ashluslay
        • Chorotí (Yofuaha)
        • Ashluslay (Chulupí, Chonopí, Sukin, Sotiagay, Tapieté)
    • Macá (Enimagá, Cochaboth, Guaná, Lengua)
      • Enimagá
        • Macá (Towothli, Toosle)
      • Guentusé
      • Cochaboth-Lengua

Nikulin & Carol (2024)

Internal classification by Nikulin & Carol (2024):[6]

  • Mataguayan
    • Maká
      • Fisket Ɫeiɫets
      • Aseptiket Ɫeiɫets
    • Nivaĉle
      • Chishamnee Lhavos
      • Shichaam Lhavos
      • Yita’ Lhavos
    • Chorote–Wichí
      • Chorote
        • Iyojwa’aja’
        • Iyo’awujwa’–Manjui
          • Iyo’awujwa’
          • Manjui
            • Jlimnájnas
            • Jlawá’a Wos
      • Wichí
        • Northwestern Wichí
          • ’Weenhayek
          • Guisnay (Lower Pilcomayeño)
          • Vejoz
        • Southeastern Wichí
          • Rivadavia
          • Lower Bermejeño

Proto-language

Major reconstructions of Proto-Mataguayo include those by Viegas Barros (2002)[7] (see the corresponding Spanish article for a list of reconstructions) and Nikulin & Carol (2024).[8]

Animal and plant names

The following reconstructions of Proto-Mataguayan animal and plant names are from Nikulin & Carol (2024).[8]

Abbreviations
  • (MN): reflexes only in Maká and Nivaclé, although the reconstructions are still at the Proto-Mataguayan level
  • (ChW): reflexes only in Chorote and Wichí, although the reconstructions are still at the Proto-Mataguayan level

Invertebrates

Proto-Mataguayan Gloss Notes
*ɸátsu(ˀ)χ, *ɸátshu-ts ‘centipede’
*ɸínä(ˀ)χ ‘crab’
*ɸiˀs ‘leech’
*ɸít’i(ʔ) ~ *ɸít’ih ‘dragonfly’
*lǻp’ih ~ *lǻɸ’ih ‘snail’
*(-)ɬaʔ, *(-)ɬá-ts ‘louse’
*ɬeɬ ‘white snail’
*ˀwóså(ˀ)q ~ *ˀwóså(ˀ)k ‘butterfly’
*ʔǻnitih ‘wasp sp.’
*ʔéjaʔ (*-l) ‘mosquito’
*ɸánhaʔ ~ *ɸä́nhaʔ (*-jʰ) ‘locust’ (MN)
*sålå(ˀ)l, *sålål-its ‘middle-sized cicada’ (MN)
*ɸ(u)nájXV(ˀ)j ‘earthworm, amphisbaenian’ (ChW)
*kóˀl ‘locust’ (ChW)
*wóna(ʔ) ‘bala wasp (Polybia ruficeps) honey(comb); hat’ (ChW)

Fish

Proto-Mataguayan Gloss Notes
*pxúse-naˀχ ‘bearded; gilded catfish’
*k’unhate-nhaʔ (*-jʰ) ‘pacu fish’ (MN)
*sijå(ˀ)χ, *sijåχ-its ‘fish sp.’ (MN)
*(ˀ)wǻnaˀχ, *(ˀ)wǻnha-ts ‘piranha’ (MN)
*ʔutsi(h) (*-l) ‘marbled swamp eel’ (MN)
*ʔatsXa(ʔ), *ʔatsXá-l ‘dorado’ (ChW)

Reptiles and amphibians

Proto-Mataguayan Gloss Notes
*tós (*-its) ‘snake’
*ʔáɬu(ʔ) (*-ts) ‘iguana’
*ʔáɬu-taχ, *ʔáɬu-ta-ts ‘alligator’
*ʔatuˀχ ~ *ʔatúˀχ ‘snake sp.’
*ʔåˀlå ‘South American rattlesnake; caninana’
*ʔåˀlǻ-taχ ‘Argentine boa’
*ɸaxi(ˀ)j ~ *ɸäxi(ˀ)j ‘green ameiva (Ameiva ameiva)’ (MN)
*káˀlah, *káˀla-ts ‘lizard’ (ChW)
*ktáˀnih, *ktáˀni-ts ‘Chaco tortoise’ (ChW)
*s’ǻm (*-its) ‘frog sp.’
*pǻˀjih ‘frog (Leptodactylus sp.)’ (ChW)
*tǻtsna(ˀ)X₁₂ ~ *tǻtsne(ˀ)χ ‘toad’ (ChW)

Birds

Proto-Mataguayan Gloss Notes
*ɸaʔáj (fruit); *ɸaʔáj-uˀk, *ɸaʔáj-ku-jʰ (tree) ‘white algarrobo (Prosopis alba)’
*jit’åʔ, *jit’ǻ-l ‘turkey vulture’
*kijápo(ˀ)p ?~ *k’ijápo(ˀ)p ‘common potoo (Nyctibius griseus)’
*k’å ~ *k’ǻ ‘variable antshrike (Thamnophilus caerulescens)’
*k’ék’eh ‘monk parakeet’
*k’ú(t)sta(ˀ)χ, *k’ú(t)sta-ts ‘American barn owl (Tyto furcata)’
*mijó (*-l) ‘savannah hawk’
*ˀmók (*-its) ‘creamy-bellied thrush (Turdus amaurochalinus)’
*pǻnhajeχ ~ *pånhájeχ ~ *pånhajéχ ‘neotropic cormorant’
*påttséχ ‘jabiru’
*pí(t)staʔ ‘masked gnatcatcher’
*sát’a(ˀ)(t)s ‘parakeet sp.’
*stwúˀn, *stwún-its ‘king vulture’
*tilVχ ~ *tílVχ ~ *tilV́χ ‘white woodpecker’
*túsu(ˀ)(t)s ‘lesser yellowlegs’
*t’isåʔ ~ *t’isǻʔ (*-l) ‘cream-backed woodpecker (Campephilus leucopogon)’
*tsåhǻq (*-its) ‘chajá bird’
*tsijáʔ ?~ *ts’ijáʔ ‘caracara (Milvago sp.)’
*tsiwáɬqoɬ ‘little nightjar (Setopagis parvula)’
*tsoˀm ~ *tsóˀm ‘plush-crested jay (Cyanocorax chrysops)’
*ts’áts’ih, *ts’áts’i-l ‘rufous hornero’
*ˀwǻnXåɬåχ, *ˀwǻnXåɬå-ts ‘rhea’
*xókhajeχ ‘Muscovy duck’
*(ʔa)X₁₃útsa(ˀ)χ, *(ʔa)X₁₃útsha-ts ‘crested caracara’
*ʔáp’a(ˀ)χ ~ *ʔáɸ’a(ˀ)χ ‘jararaca’
*ʔáxaʔ ‘stork’
*ʔéle(ʔ) ‘parrot’
*ʔóɸoʔ (*-ts) ‘picazuro pigeon (Patagioenas picazuro)’
*ʔúlʔåh, *ʔúlʔå-ts ‘dove (Columbina sp.)’
*jinqå-(ju)ˀk, *jinqå-ku-jʰ (tree); *jinqåˀ-p, *jinqå-p-its (season) ‘white algarrobo (Prosopis alba)’ (MN)
*kómiʔ ‘Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis)’ (MN)
*teχ (*-its) ‘parrot sp.’ (MN)
*på(ˀ)q ‘kind of zorzal (Turdus sp.)’ (ChW)
*qatsíwo(ʔ) ‘limpkin’ (ChW)
*silóʔtåɸV(ʔ) ?~ *siwóʔtåɸe(ʔ) ‘Caatinga puffbird’ (ChW)
*spú(ˀ)p ‘dove’ (ChW)
*stǻɸe(ʔ) ‘Chaco chachalaca’ (ChW)
*wóp’ih ~ *wóɸ’ih ?~ *móp’ih ~ *móɸ’ih ‘snowy egret, great egret’ (ChW)
*wósak’V(ˀ)t ‘red-crested cardinal’ (ChW)

Mammals

Proto-Mataguayan Gloss Notes
*jiˀjåˀX₁₂ ‘jaguar’
*kɸá(t)s’i(ʔ) ‘Molina’s hog-nosed skunk’
*k’alxó, *k’alxó-ts ‘southern three-banded armadillo’
*ˀlä́jX₂₃VnåX₁₃å ‘Azara’s night monkey’
*me(ʔ) ~ *mé(ʔ) ‘otter’
*núʔuh, *núʔu-ts ‘dog’
*ˀnjǻnxteʔ ‘Chacoan mara (cavy), tapeti’
*slǻqha(ˀ)j, *slǻqhaj-its ‘wild cat’
*sˀwúla(ˀ)χ, *sˀwúla-ts ‘anteater’
*tänúk (*-its) ‘feline’ (‘cat’ in the contemporary languages)
*xéjåʔ (*-l) ‘bat’
*ʔámʔåh, *ʔámʔå-ts ‘rat’
*ʔáqåtse(ˀ)χ ‘kind of armadillo’
*ʔáwu(C)tseχ ‘Chacoan peccary; collared peccary’
*ʔuwáɬe(ˀ)χ ?~ *C’uwáɬe(ˀ)χ ‘puma’
*ʔVláʔah, *ʔVláʔa-ts ‘lesser grison’
*ʔåɸínaˀχ, *ʔåɸínha-ts ‘black howler’ (MN)
*him (*-its) ‘coati’ (MN)
*jiʔixåtaχ, *jiʔixåta-ts ‘ocelot’ (MN)
*(ˀ)wawo(h) (*-l) ‘maned wolf’ (MN)
*(ˀ)wq’am ~ *(ˀ)wq’äm ‘white-eared opossum’ (MN)
*ʔåχtinaˀχ, *ʔåχtinha-ts ‘marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus)’ (MN)
*ʔujhVl ‘otter sp.’ (MN)
*níltsa(ˀ)X₁₂, *níltsX₁₃a-ts ‘white-lipped peccary’ (ChW)
*Xmáwoh; *Xmáwo-taχ, *Xmáwo-ta-ts ‘fox’ (ChW)

Plants

Proto-Mataguayan Gloss Notes
*ɸtsǻna(ˀ)χ ‘Baccharis sp.’
*ɸts-uˀk, collective *ɸis-kat ‘Copernicia alba palm’
*kéɬχa-juˀk, *kéɬχa-jku-jʰ ‘red quebracho (Schinopsis balansae)’
*khǻt (fruit); *khǻt-uˀk, *khǻt-ku-jʰ (plant) ‘cactus’
*lä́tseni(ʔ) (fruit); *lä́tsen-uˀk, *lä́tsen-ku-jʰ (tree) ‘chañar (Geoffroea decorticans)’
*lóta-(ju)ˀk ‘iscayante tree (for making bows)’
*náwa(ˀ)x ‘cactus sp.’
*néwo(ˀ)k ‘wild manioc (Marsdenia castillonii)’
*sát-uˀk, *sát-ku-jʰ ‘lecherón tree (Sapium haematospermum)’
*sóp’wa(-ta)-juˀk, *sóp’wa(-ta)-jku-jʰ ‘caspi zapallo (Pisonia zapallo)’
*sténi(ʔ) (fruit); *stén-uˀk (tree) ‘white quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco)’
*tsänúˀk ‘duraznillo (Ruprechtia triflora)’
*tsóɸa (fruit) ‘Maytenus vitis-idaea’
*tsóɸa-taχ (fruit); *tsóɸa-ta-(ju)ˀk (tree) ‘Lycium americanum’
*wák’a(ʔ) (fruit); *wák’a-juˀk, *wák’a-jku-jʰ (tree) ‘guayacán (Libidibia paraguariensis)’
*wátå(ˀ)χ (fruit); *wáth(å-j)uˀk (tree) ‘palo flojo (Albizia inundata or Enterolobium contortisiliquum)’
*wijeʔ ‘cactus (Bromelia serra)’
*wósitseχ (fruit); *wósits-uˀk, *wósits(e)-ku-jʰ ‘Prosopis nigra’
*xélå(ˀ)X₁₂ (fruit), *xélå-juˀk (tree) ‘plant sp.’
*xunxátaχ (fruit); *xunxáta-(ju)ˀk (tree) ‘tusca (Acacia aroma)’
*xunxáta-kat (grove) ‘tusca (Acacia aroma)’
*X₁₃óˀk ‘Bulnesia sarmientoi’
*ʔaX₁₃ǻje(ˀ)χ (fruit); *ʔaX₁₃ǻj-uˀk, *ʔaX₁₃ǻj-ku-jʰ (tree) ‘mistol (Ziziphus mistol)’
*ʔǻl(V)tse(ˀ)χ, *ʔǻl(V)tse-ts ‘cháguar (Bromelia urbaniana = Deinacanthon urbanianum)’
*ʔǻnhajeχ (bean); *ʔǻnhaj-uˀk (plant); *ʔǻnhaje-ˀp (season) ‘Capparis retusa’
*ʔåtits ~ *ʔåtíts ~ *ʔåtets ~ *ʔåtéts ‘wild pepper’
*ɸinåk, *ɸinhå-jʰ ‘tobacco’ (MN)
*låttsiki-juˀk, *låttsiki-ku-jʰ ‘willow’ (MN)
*samto-ˀk ‘bamboo (Guadua angustifolia)’ (MN)
*tsaqaq ~ *-ä- ‘plant sp.’ (MN)
*(ˀ)wut ‘a bushy leguminous plant’ (MN)
*xoxaw-uˀk ?~ *xoxi-juˀk, *-ku-jʰ ‘Tabebuia nodosa tree’ (MN)
*ʔåthajeχ (fruit); *ʔåthaj-uˀk, *ʔåthaj-ku-jʰ (tree) (*-hä-) ‘molle plant’ (MN)
*ʔomhatäk (fruit); *ʔomhatä-(ju)ˀk, *ʔomhatä-ku-jʰ (tree) (~ *-hä-) ‘queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana)’ (MN)
*ɸálawuˀk ‘strangler vine (Morrenia odorata)’ (ChW)
*ɸílå(ˀ)X₁₂ ‘Solanum sp.’ (ChW)
*ktéta(ʔ) ~ *ktä́ta(ʔ) (fruit); *ktéta-(ju)k ~ *ktä́ta-juk (tree) ‘Prosopis elata’ (ChW)
*kutsá(ˀ)X₁₂ ~ *kutsé(ˀ)χ ?~ *k’utsá(ˀ)X₁₂ ~ *k’utsé(ˀ)χ ‘cháguar (Bromelia hieronymi)’ (ChW)
*stá(ˀ)X (fruit); *stá-ˀq (plant) ‘Stetsonia coryne cactus’ (ChW)
*tsémɬå(ˀ)k ~ *tsä́mɬå(ˀ)k ‘silk floss tree’ (ChW)
*tsu(ˀ)X ?~*ts’u(ˀ)X (fruit); *tsuX-uk ?~ *ts’uX-uk (tree) ‘sachamembrillo (Capparis tweediana)’ (ChW)
*ʔaté(ˀ)k ~ *ʔatä́(ˀ)k ‘cebil (Anadenanthera colubrina) or vinal (Prosopis ruscifolia)’ (ChW)

References

  1. ^ Nikulin, Andrey; Carol, Javier (2024). Historical phonology of Mataguayan. Berlin: Language Science Press. ISBN 9783985541034.
  2. ^ Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica (1 June 2007). “Internal reconstruction in Chulupí (Nivaclé)”. Diachronica. 24 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1075/dia.24.1.02cam.
  3. ^ Viegas Barros, J. Pedro (25 October 2013). “La hipótesis de parentesco Guaicurú-Mataguayo: estado actual de la cuestión”. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. 5 (2): 293–333. doi:10.26512/rbla.v5i2.16269. hdl:11336/28247.
  4. ^ Nikulin, Andrey; Carol, Javier (2024). Historical phonology of Mataguayan. Berlin: Language Science Press. ISBN 9783985541034.
  5. ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). “The languages of South America”. In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  6. ^ Nikulin, Andrey; Carol, Javier (2024). Historical phonology of Mataguayan. Berlin: Language Science Press. ISBN 9783985541034.
  7. ^ Viegas Barros, Pedro. 2002. Fonología del Proto-Mataguayo: Las fricativas dorsales. Mily Crevels, Simon van de Kerke, Sérgio Meira & Hein van der Voort (eds.), Current Studies on South American Languages [Indigenous Languages of Latin America, 3], p. 137-148. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS).
  8. ^ a b Nikulin A, Carol J (2024). Historical phonology of Mataguayan (pdf). Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.13907413. ISBN 9783961104741.

Bibliography

  • Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Fabre, Alain (2005). “Los Mataguayo”. (Online version: http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Mataguayo.pdf)