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Prodiamine is a preëmergent herbicide of the dinitroaniline class. Prodiamine is used with crops such as soybeans, alfalfa, cotton, and ornamental crops. Prodiamine inhibits the formation of microtubules,[3] making it a Group D (Aus), K1 (global) or 3 (numeric).

Prodiamine was developed by Sandoz AG and marketed beginning in 1987.[4] Prodiamine can be obtained starting from 2,4-dichlorobenzotrifluoride.[5] It is normally sold formulated as dispersible granules or liquid concentrate. It is not registered in the United Kingdom or European Union,[1] though it is used in Australia, sold under the “Spartan” and “Barricade” trademarks.[6][7]

Prodiamine is surface applied, and requires no soil incorporation.[8]

Toxicity and environmental behaviour

Prodiamine is practically non-toxic to mammals, with an oral LD50 of over 5000 mg/kg (tested on rats). No observable effect exists for rats fed up to 6 mg/kg/day. For birds, the LD50 is over 2250 mg/kg, for bees, over 100 micrograms per bee, and for earthworms over 1000 mg/kg.[1] These values are not tested beyond there, as they already show the acute toxicity not to be a concern.

Prodiamine has moderate aquatic toxicity, with a 96-hour LC50 of 0.829 mg/L for rainbow trout, and a NOEL of 12 μg/L over 21 days. It has a similar acute toxicity to daphnia, though a higher NOEL of 23 μg/L. The LC50 is better for crustaceans, at 2.1 mg/L. Prodiamine is highly toxic to algae, halting growth at 3 μg/L.[1]

In soil, prodiamine has a half-life of 60 to 80 days by most estimates, except the EPA which states 120 days. It is non-mobile in soil, and unlikely to bioaccumulate.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hertfordshire, University of. “Prodiamine (Ref: SAN 745H)”. sitem.herts.ac.uk. Pesticide Properties Database.
  2. ^ Endeshaw, Molla M; Li, Catherine; Leon, Jessica de; Yao, Ni; Latibeaudiere, Kirk; Premalatha, Kokku; Morrissette, Naomi; Werbovetz, Karl A (2010). “Synthesis and evaluation of oryzalin analogs against Toxoplasma gondii”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 20 (17): 5179–5183. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.003. PMC 2922421. PMID 20675138.
  3. ^ “Herbicide Mode-Of-Action Summary”. Purdue University.
  4. ^ Entry on Prodiamin. at: Römpp Online. Georg Thieme Verlag, retrieved 8 June 2020.
  5. ^ Thomas A. Unger (1996). Pesticide Synthesis Handbook. p. 877. ISBN 978-0-8155-1401-5.
  6. ^ “Spartan Herbicide (Prodiamine)”. Specialist Sales. 25 February 2024.
  7. ^ “Barricade Herbicide”. Specialist Sales. 18 April 2023.
  8. ^ “Trifluralin vs Prodiamine: A Comparison for Weed Control”. POMAIS Agriculture. 24 October 2024.
  • Prodiamine in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)