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Puri (Puri: Kwaytikindo ‘language’[3]) is an extinct and revitalizing language of eastern Brazil, spoken by the Puri people. It ceased being spoken sometime in the 19th century, but the Puri people have reconstructed the language, and a number of second-language speakers exist, according to the Ethnologue.[2] It can be considered a language isolate, with the related Coroado language seen as a dialect.

Geographical distribution

Puri was spoken in a continuous region stretching from the Preto River to the Paraíba River (from Queluz, São Paulo to Paraibuna, São Paulo). The Puri occupied the Upper Paraíba do Sul River up to Queluz, São Paulo, and the Coroado from the Pomba River to the Doce River in Minas Gerais.[4]

Classification

Puri and Coroado (sometimes collectively called Purian) may be related to Waitaká, which is unattested. Previously, the Koropó language, once spoken in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, was seen as Purian by Loukotka (1935),[5] but it has been proven to be part of the Maxakalían languages instead by Ramirez et al. (2015).[4][6]

Purian was initially part of the Macro-Jê proposal. However, when Coropó is removed, there are not sufficient lexical connections to maintain this classification.[7]

The Waitaká and Maromomin languages, both extinct, are possibly belonging to the Purian family, but this is not confirmable as no linguistic information was recorded.[8][9]

Dialects

Mason (1950) lists the following dialects of Coroado and Puri:[10]

  • Coroado
    • Maritong
    • Cobanipake
    • Tamprun
    • Sasaricon
  • Puri
    • Sabonan
    • Wambori
    • Shaynishuna

History

In the 2010s, a Puri language revitalization project was launched in the indigenous village of Maraká’nà (Maracanã), Rio de Janeiro State.[11] In 2021, a primer was published.[12]

Documentation

The Purian languages are only attested by a few word lists from the 19th century. The lists are:[4]

Puri:

Coroado:

  • Martius (1863: 195–198), collected in 1818 near São João do Presídio
  • Eschwege (2002: 122–127), collected in 1815 near São João do Presídio
  • Marlière (Martius, 1889: 198–207), collected between 1817 and 1819 at missions along the lower Paraíba do Sul River[16]
  • Saint-Hilaire (2000: 33), collected in 1816 near Valença, Rio de Janeiro[17]

Syntax

Puri is so poorly attested that no aspect of the language’s syntax may be gleaned from the available data.[9]

Vocabulary

Numerals

[3]
Numeral Puri
1 omi
2 kuriri

References

  1. ^ Puri at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ a b “Puri Language (PRR) – L1 & L2 Speakers, Status, Map, Endangered Level & Official Use | Ethnologue Free”. Ethnologue (Free All). Retrieved 2025-10-02.
  3. ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1937). “La familia lingüística coroado”. Journal de la Société des Américanistes (in French). 29 (1): 157–214. doi:10.3406/jsa.1937.1952. ISSN 0037-9174.
  4. ^ a b c Ramirez, Henri; Vegini, Valdir; França, Maria Cristina Victorino de (2015-09-26). “Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro”. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas (in Portuguese). 15 (2): 223–277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302. ISSN 2177-7160.
  5. ^ Neto, Ambrósio Pereira da Silva (2007). Revisão da Classificaçao Da Família Lingüística Puri (PDF) (Thesis). p. 23. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  6. ^ Campbell, Lyle (2024-06-25), “Indigenous Languages of South America”, The Indigenous Languages of the Americas (1 ed.), Oxford University PressNew York, pp. 182–279, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197673461.003.0004, ISBN 978-0-19-767346-1, retrieved 2025-04-21{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  7. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). “Puri-Coroado”. Glottolog 4.3.
  8. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  9. ^ a b Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). The Amazonian languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge (GB): Cambridge university press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-521-57021-3.
  10. ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). “The languages of South America”. In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians (PDF). Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  11. ^ Puri, Txâma Xambé; Puri, Tutushamum; Puri, Xindêda (2021-01-20). “Kwaytikindo: retomada linguística Puri”. Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas. 3 (2): 77. doi:10.18468/rbli.2020v3n2.p77-101. ISSN 2595-685X.
  12. ^ Gamito, José Aristides Silva (2021-01-01). Cartilha da Língua Puri – um exercício de revitalização.
  13. ^ Martius, Karl Friedrich Philipp von (1863). Glossaria linguarum brasiliensium. Glossarios de diversas lingoas e dialectos, que fallao os Indios no imperio do Brazil. Wörtersammlung brasilianischer sprachen. New York Public Library. Erlangen, Druck von Junge & Sohn.
  14. ^ Eschwege, Wilhelm Ludwig von. 2002. Journal do Brasil 1811-1817. Belo Horizonte: Fundação João Pinheiro.
  15. ^ Torrezão, Alberto Noronha. 1889. “Vocabulario puri“. Revista trimensal do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brazileiro, Rio de Janeiro, t. LII, parte Ia, pp.511-514.
  16. ^ Marlière, Guido Thomaz. 1906. “Escritos avulsos, correspondência” Revista do Arquivo Público Mineiro, Belo Horizonte, Ano X, fascículos III e IV, pp. 383-668.
  17. ^ Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de. 2000. Viagem pelas províncias do Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia.

Bibliography

  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world’s languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.