Regulator of G-protein signalling 9, also known as RGS9, is a human gene,[5] which codes for a protein involved in regulation of signal transduction inside cells. Members of the RGS family, such as RGS9, are signaling proteins that suppress the activity of G proteins by promoting their deactivation.[supplied by OMIM][5]
There are two splice isoforms of RGS9 with quite different properties and patterns of expression. RGS9-1 is mainly found in the eye and is involved in regulation of phototransduction in rod and cone cells of the retina; genetic mutations in RGS9-1 cause the eye disease bradyopsia. RGS9-2 is found in the brain, and regulates dopamine and opioid signaling in the basal ganglia.[6]
RGS9-2 is of particular interest as the most important RGS protein involved in terminating signalling by the mu opioid receptor (although RGS4 and RGS17 are also involved), and is thought to be important in the development of tolerance to opioid drugs.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] RGS9-deficient mice exhibit some motor and cognitive difficulties however, so inhibition of this protein is likely to cause similar side effects.[14]
RGS9 is differentially regulated by Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 (GNB5) via the DEP domain and DEP helical-extension domain in protein stability and membrane anchor association.[15]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000108370 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020599 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ “Human PubMed Reference:”. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ “Mouse PubMed Reference:”. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b “Entrez Gene: RGS9 regulator of G-protein signalling 9”.
- ^ Martemyanov KA, Krispel CM, Lishko PV, Burns ME, Arshavsky VY (December 2008). “Functional comparison of RGS9 splice isoforms in a living cell”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (52): 20988–20993. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520988M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808941106. PMC 2634932. PMID 19098104.
- ^ Garzón J, Rodríguez-Díaz M, López-Fando A, Sánchez-Blázquez P (February 2001). “RGS9 proteins facilitate acute tolerance to mu-opioid effects”. The European Journal of Neuroscience. 13 (4): 801–811. doi:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2000.01444.x. hdl:10261/154868. PMID 11207815. S2CID 23943994.
- ^ Zachariou V, Georgescu D, Sanchez N, Rahman Z, DiLeone R, Berton O, et al. (November 2003). “Essential role for RGS9 in opiate action”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (23): 13656–13661. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10013656Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.2232594100. PMC 263869. PMID 14595021.
- ^ Sánchez-Blázquez P, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, Montero C, Garzón J (January 2005). “RGS-Rz and RGS9-2 proteins control mu-opioid receptor desensitisation in CNS: the role of activated Galphaz subunits”. Neuropharmacology. 48 (1): 134–150. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.08.016. PMID 15617734. S2CID 40755580.
- ^ Garzón J, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, López-Fando A, Sánchez-Blázquez P (March 2005). “Activation of mu-opioid receptors transfers control of Galpha subunits to the regulator of G-protein signaling RGS9-2: role in receptor desensitization”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (10): 8951–8960. doi:10.1074/jbc.M407005200. PMID 15632124.
- ^ Psifogeorgou K, Papakosta P, Russo SJ, Neve RL, Kardassis D, Gold SJ, et al. (October 2007). “RGS9-2 is a negative modulator of mu-opioid receptor function”. Journal of Neurochemistry. 103 (2): 617–625. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04812.x. PMID 17725581. S2CID 23246884.
- ^ Hooks SB, Martemyanov K, Zachariou V (January 2008). “A role of RGS proteins in drug addiction”. Biochemical Pharmacology. 75 (1): 76–84. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.045. PMID 17880927.
- ^ Traynor JR, Terzi D, Caldarone BJ, Zachariou V (March 2009). “RGS9-2: probing an intracellular modulator of behavior as a drug target”. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 30 (3): 105–111. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.11.006. PMC 3394094. PMID 19211160.
- ^ Blundell J, Hoang CV, Potts B, Gold SJ, Powell CM (January 2008). “Motor coordination deficits in mice lacking RGS9”. Brain Research. 1190: 78–85. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.017. PMC 2241663. PMID 18073128.
- ^ Masuho I, Wakasugi-Masuho H, Posokhova EN, Patton JR, Martemyanov KA (June 2011). “Type 5 G protein beta subunit (Gbeta5) controls the interaction of regulator of G protein signaling 9 (RGS9) with membrane anchors”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (24): 21806–21813. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.241513. PMC 3122235. PMID 21511947.
Further reading
- Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (1997). “Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery”. Genome Research. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.
- Cowan CW, Fariss RN, Sokal I, Palczewski K, Wensel TG (April 1998). “High expression levels in cones of RGS9, the predominant GTPase accelerating protein of rods”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (9): 5351–5356. Bibcode:1998PNAS…95.5351C. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.9.5351. PMC 20264. PMID 9560279.
- Granneman JG, Zhai Y, Zhu Z, Bannon MJ, Burchett SA, Schmidt CJ, et al. (October 1998). “Molecular characterization of human and rat RGS 9L, a novel splice variant enriched in dopamine target regions, and chromosomal localization of the RGS 9 gene”. Molecular Pharmacology. 54 (4): 687–694. PMID 9765512.
- Zhang K, Howes KA, He W, Bronson JD, Pettenati MJ, Chen C, et al. (November 1999). “Structure, alternative splicing, and expression of the human RGS9 gene”. Gene. 240 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00393-5. PMID 10564809.
- Yu H, Bondarenko VA, Yamazaki A (2001). “Inhibition of retinal guanylyl cyclase by the RGS9-1 N-terminus”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 286 (1): 12–19. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5346. PMID 11485301.
- Hu G, Wensel TG (2002). “R9AP, a membrane anchor for the photoreceptor GTPase accelerating protein, RGS9-1”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (15): 9755–9760. Bibcode:2002PNAS…99.9755H. doi:10.1073/pnas.152094799. PMC 125004. PMID 12119397.
- Martemyanov KA, Lishko PV, Calero N, Keresztes G, Sokolov M, Strissel KJ, et al. (November 2003). “The DEP domain determines subcellular targeting of the GTPase activating protein RGS9 in vivo”. The Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (32): 10175–10181. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-32-10175.2003. PMC 6741003. PMID 14614075.
- Nishiguchi KM, Sandberg MA, Kooijman AC, Martemyanov KA, Pott JW, Hagstrom SA, et al. (January 2004). “Defects in RGS9 or its anchor protein R9AP in patients with slow photoreceptor deactivation”. Nature. 427 (6969): 75–78. Bibcode:2004Natur.427…75N. doi:10.1038/nature02170. PMID 14702087. S2CID 953980.
- Ajit SK, Young KH (2004). “Enhancement of pheromone response by RGS9 and Gbeta5 in yeast”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 324 (2): 686–691. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.100. PMID 15474482.
- Cheng JY, Luu CD, Yong VH, Mathur R, Aung T, Vithana EN (August 2007). “Bradyopsia in an Asian man”. Archives of Ophthalmology. 125 (8). Chicago: 1138–1140. doi:10.1001/archopht.125.8.1138. PMID 17698770.
External links
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: O54828 (Mouse Regulator of G-protein signaling 9) at the PDBe-KB.
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![1fqj: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HETEROTRIMERIC COMPLEX OF THE RGS DOMAIN OF RGS9, THE GAMMA SUBUNIT OF PHOSPHODIESTERASE AND THE GT/I1 CHIMERA ALPHA SUBUNIT [(RGS9)-(PDEGAMMA)-(GT/I1ALPHA)-(GDP)-(ALF4-)-(MG2+)]](https://shirtaphobia.com/?rdp_we_resource=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3APDB_1fqj_EBI.jpg)
![1fqk: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HETERODIMERIC COMPLEX OF THE RGS DOMAIN OF RGS9, AND THE GT/I1 CHIMERA ALPHA SUBUNIT [(RGS9)-(GT/I1ALPHA)-(GDP)-(ALF4-)-(MG2+)]](https://shirtaphobia.com/?rdp_we_resource=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3APDB_1fqk_EBI.jpg)