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The Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media,[a] abbreviated as Roskomnadzor (RKN),[b] is the Russian federal executive agency responsible for monitoring, controlling and censoring Russian mass media. Its areas of responsibility include electronic media, mass communications, information technology and telecommunications, supervising compliance with the law, protecting the confidentiality of personal data being processed, and organizing the work of the radio-frequency service.

History

In March 2007, the authority—then a subdivision of the Cultural Ministry of Russia called “Russian Federal Surveillance Service for Compliance with the Legislation in Mass Media and Cultural Heritage Protection” (Rosokhrankultura)—warned the Kommersant newspaper that it should not mention the National Bolshevik Party on its pages, as the party had been denied official registration.[2]

The Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Telecom, Information Technologies and Mass Communications was re-established in May 2008. Resolution number 419, “On Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Telecom, Information Technologies and Mass Communications”, was adopted on 6 February 2008.[3][4]

In December 2019, media criticized the service’s choice of experts who are performing analysis of referred publications to assess their compliance with regulations. A number of experts recruited by Roscomnadzor are associated with pseudo-scientific and sectarian movements, including HIV/AIDS deniers, ultra-conservative, anti-vaccination and alternative medicine activists. Three such experts—Anna Volkova, Tatyana Simonova and Elena Shabalina—assessed lyrics of popular rapper Egor Kreed in which they found “mutagenic effect”, “satanic influence” and “psychological warfare”.[5]

Also in 2019, Roskomnadzor published the first iteration of the “list of information resources who had in the past been spreading unreliable information” including a number of social media groups and media websites accused mostly of incorrectly reporting on a single incident in Dzerzhinsk in June 2019.[6][7]

After nationwide pro-Navalny protests in 2021, Roskomnadzor fined seven social media companies for not removing pro-Navalny videos: “Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, VKontakte, Odnoklassniki and YouTube will be fined for non-compliance with requirements to prevent the dissemination of calls to minors to participate in unauthorized rallies” it said in a statement published on its website.[8][9]

On 10 March 2022, 820 GB of Roskomnadzor data was leaked and published, with the hacking group Anonymous claiming responsibility. Anonymous engaged in several cyberattacks against Russian websites as the Russian invasion of Ukraine occurred.[10][11]

Because of its actions that supported the invasion of Ukraine, Roskomnadzor has been sanctioned by Ukraine, the European Union and Canada.[12]

In February 2023, it was revealed that Belarusian Cyberpartisans had hacked and leaked Roskomnadzor data to journalists. The leak exposed surveillance and censorship programs and ways to discredit journalists.[13][14][15][16][17][18]

Purpose

Roskomnadzor is a federal executive body responsible for control, censorship, and supervision in the field of media, including electronic media and mass communications, information technology and communications functions control and supervision over the compliance of personal data processing requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of personal data, and the role of co-ordinating the activities of radio frequency service. It’s an authorized federal executive body for the protection of human subjects of personal data.[19] It is also the body administering Russian Internet censorship filters.[20] It also designs and implements procedures of Russian Autonomous Internet Subnetwork, like inventory of Russian Autonomous Systems, alternative DNS root servers in Russian National Domain Name System, controls local ISPs interconnect and Internet exchanges. The main goal is to provide access to the Russian Autonomous Internet Subnetwork even after disconnection or isolation from the global Internet (Sovereign Internet Law).

Enforcement actions

Main article: Russian Internet blacklist
A blank Russian-language page which reads: "The access is prohibited. Access to this information resource is restricted under on federal law of 27 July 2006 No. 149 'About the information, informational technologies and about information protection'"
Page of a blocked website

On 31 March 2013, The New York Times reported that Russia was “selectively blocking [the] Internet”.[21] In 2014, during the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Roskomnadzor had a number of websites criticising Russian policy in Ukraine blocked, including the blog of Alexei Navalny, Kasparov.ru and Grani.ru [ru].[22] Also, on 22 June 2016 Amazon Web Services was entirely blocked for a couple of hours because of a poker app.[23][24]

As of April 2024, 200,000 websites related to the Russian invasion of Ukraine are blocked.[25] Roskomnadzor is blocking around 150 virtual private network (VPN) services and 700 websites involved in advertising VPNs.[25]

GitHub

Further information: Censorship of GitHub § Russia

In October 2014, GitHub was blocked for a short time. On 2 December, GitHub was blocked again for some satiric notes, describing “methods of suicide”,[26] which caused major tensions among Russian software developers. It was unblocked on 4 December 2014 and GitHub had set up a special page[27] dedicated to Roskomnadzor-related issues. All content was and remains available for non-Russian networks.

Russian Wikipedia

Main article: Blocking of Wikipedia in Russia

On 5 April 2013, it was confirmed by a spokesperson for Roskomnadzor that Wikipedia had been blacklisted over the article “Cannabis smoking” (Курение каннабиса) on the Russian Wikipedia.[28][29]

On 18 August 2015, an article in Russian Wikipedia about charas (Чарас (наркотическое вещество) (in Russian)) was blacklisted by Roskomnadzor as containing propaganda on narcotics. The article was then rewritten from scratch using UN materials and textbooks, but on 24 August it was included in the list of forbidden materials sent to Internet providers of Russia.[30] As Wikipedia uses the HTTPS protocol to encrypt traffic, effectively all of the site with all language versions[dubious – discuss] of Wikipedia was blocked in Russia on the night of August 25.[citation needed]

On 1 March 2022, Roskomnadzor threatened to block access to Russian Wikipedia over the article “Вторжение России на Украину (2022)” (“Russia’s invasion of Ukraine (2022)”), claiming that the article contained “illegally distributed information” including “reports about numerous casualties among service personnel of the Russian Federation and also the civilian population of Ukraine, including children”.[31][32] Roskomnadzor made similar threats on 31 March, demanding that Wikipedia remove any information about the invasion that is “misinforming” Russians or it could face a fine of up to 4 million rubles (approximately US$49,000).[33]

The Daily Stormer

In 2017, the neo-Nazi website The Daily Stormer was briefly moved to a Russian domain name, but Roskomnazdor subsequently acted to remove its access, and the site moved to the dark web.[34]

Telegram

Main article: Blocking of Telegram in Russia

On April 13, 2018, the Tagansky District Court of Moscow ruled to block Telegram. On April 16, Telegram sent a request to providers to block it.[35] and on the same day added more than 655 thousand IP addresses belonging to the hosting provider to the registry of banned websites Amazon Web Services (AWS)[36][37]. On April 17, AWS and Google hosting subnets were added to the registry: approximately 16 million addresses[38][39][40]. According to data RosKomSvoboda, At the moment, Roskomnadzor has blocked over 260 addresses based on decisions by various agencies. AWS[41]. So, when trying to log in Cloud Object Storage — Amazon S3 — Amazon Web Services The operator provides a stub website. During the AWS blocking on April 18, Roskomnadzor’s own website was blocked.[42]. The service later stated that their website was unavailable due to an attack on it.[43]. During the process of blocking Telegram, previously blocked “extremist” websites were unblocked.: RuTracker.org[44][45], Linkedin, Kasparov.ru, and also the Kavkaz Center website[46]. The service issued a statement about checking information about third-party resource blocking.[47]. On April 22, 2018, in an interview on the Vesti program on the state-run Russia-1 television channel, Alexander Zharov, commenting on recent attempts to block Telegram, compared the latter to an apartment building, the keys to which the FSB could obtain in order to catch terrorists.[48].

On February 10, 2026, the Russian news outlet RBC reported that the messenger would begin to be restricted.[49], Roskomnadzor later confirmed the slowdown and announced that restrictions on Telegram would continue until violations of Russian law were eliminated.[50].

Twitter

On 10 March 2021, Roskomnadzor started to “slow down” Twitter for users in Russia, attributing the decision to the platform’s failure to remove content deemed illegal by the Russian government.[51] This action occasionally caused Russia’s key websites, including Roskomnadzor itself, to stop working. It also led to malfunctions of major commercial services, such as Qiwi payment system, and blocked some users from accessing Yandex, Google, and YouTube. In addition, along with Twitter, Roskomnadzor throttled access to numerous websites with domain names ending in “t.co” (t.co being among the Twitter domain), thus affecting no fewer than 48 thousand hosts, including GitHub, Russia Today, Reddit, Microsoft, Google, Dropbox, Steam.[52][53]

On 26 February 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Twitter said that access to the platform was being restricted to some users in Russia.[54] On 1 March, Roskomnadzor again slowed access to Twitter, accusing the company of failing to remove what it called “fake posts” about the “special operation”.[55]

On 28 April 2022, Twitter was fined 3 million rubles (US$41,000) after being sued by Roskomnadzor for not removing content that included instructions for how to prepare and use molotov cocktails against Russian armored vehicles.[56]

Meta

Main article: Blocking of Meta Platforms in Russia

On 4 March 2022, Roskomnadzor said it was blocking access to Facebook over restrictions that were imposed on Russian state media outlets.[57] On 21 March, further action was taken after a court ruled that Meta Platforms was guilty of “extremist activity”, affecting access to Facebook and Instagram but not WhatsApp.[58] The ruling came after a Reuters report stated that Meta would allow its users to post messages supporting violence against Russian soldiers and Russian president Vladimir Putin following the invasion of Ukraine; however, Meta later narrowed its moderation policy to prohibit calls for the death of a head of state.[59]

Google

In April 2022, Roskomnadzor fined Google more than 7 billion rubles (US$94 million), for not removing what it claimed was illegal content from YouTube.[60]

Blocking Tor

On December 1, 2021, users of a number of providers in several Russian cities reported being unable to connect to the network. Tor[61]. On December 7, a letter was posted on Gitlab and sent to ISPs. Roskomnadzor demanded that the resource’s website be blocked because it contained “prohibited information.” On December 8, the Tor Project effectively confirmed the authenticity of the agency’s letter and prepared a response to the blocking by introducing additional servers to circumvent it.[62].

Blocking Viber

On December 13, 2024, Viber was blocked by Roskomnadzor in the Russian Federation.[63] for violations of Russian legislation for information dissemination organizers and debts for unpaid fines[64][65].

Plans for inspections and blocking of services

In 2015 and 2018, the organization intended to check the storage of citizens’ personal data by Twitter and Facebook.[66][67]. In 2017, if the latter refused to transfer data to Russian territory, the service threatened to block the services[68].

In April 2019, Roskomnadzor gave Facebook nine months to localize user data in Russia.[69].

At the end of March 2019, Roskomnadzor, the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media (Roskomnadzor), for the first time required the owners of 10 VPN services (NordVPN, Hide My Ass!, Hola VPN, OpenVPN, VyprVPN, ExpressVPN, TorGuard, IPVanish, Kaspersky Secure Connection, and VPN Unlimited) to join the registry of websites banned in Russia. By law, VPN providers and anonymizers included in the registry are required to filter traffic. However, they can only be compelled to do so after a request from law enforcement agencies.[70]. OpenVPN Inc., the company that develops the OpenVPN protocol and provides a paid service, was also included on the list. It was reported that, due to Roskomnadzor’s vague wording, the OpenVPN protocol, which is used by up to 90% of all paid VPN services, according to various estimates, could also be blocked. The executive director of the Internet Protection Society noted that OpenVPN is used to configure internal corporate networks, including those of banks and mobile operators, and that blocking the protocol could disrupt their normal operation.[71].

Whitelists

In addition to mechanisms for blocking individual resources, in 2025–2026, approaches were used in the practice of regulating Internet access that involve limiting traffic to a pre-determined list of sites and services, the so-called “white lists.”[72][73].

According to media reports, while implementing these measures, users retained access to a limited number of platforms, including, in particular, the social networks VKontakte and Odnoklassniki, the state portal Gosuslugi, Yandex Search with Alice, as well as certain commercial services such as Ozon and Wildberries.[74][75].

YouTube slowdown in Russia

Main article: Blocking of YouTube in Russia

In late July 2024, it was reported that YouTube’s performance in Russia was deteriorating (video loading speeds dropped, forcing users to watch videos in lower quality). Initially, the problem was blamed on outdated Google equipment in Russia, which had not been updated for two years. Later, some Russian lawmakers explained that this decision was deliberately made by Roskomnadzor (the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media) due to Google’s disloyalty to pro-Russian content, which manifested itself in the removal of YouTube channels with pro-Russian stances. A new service called “Platform” was also introduced, positioning itself as a “complete replacement for YouTube” as it almost completely replicates its interface. Complaints about YouTube’s performance in Russia continued throughout August. Rumors suggest a complete blocking of YouTube in Russia could occur in the fall (September-October), but no official confirmation has yet been received.

Blocking Discord

Previously (in 2023), the service had already received warnings from Roskomnadzor for “failure to remove illegal information,” such as child pornography and instructions for drug production and use. In September 2024, user complaints began coming in regarding unstable operation of Discord servers. On October 8, 2024, Roskomnadzor announced a permanent block and restriction of access to the messenger due to an unmet demand to remove prohibited content from the platform, which led to discontent among many users.

Bloggers’ Registry

In 2024, a law was passed requiring all bloggers (account holders, personal pages) on various social media and messaging apps with more than 10,000 subscribers to register in a special state registry. The registry requires the submission of extensive information about the account owner. Channel owners who are required to register but fail to do so will be prohibited from placing ads, other bloggers will be prohibited from reposting their messages, and they will also be prohibited from collecting donations. Personal pages on blocked social networks, such as [likely a mistranslation], are also excluded from the registry. Facebook & Instagram[76][77].

Criticism

Accusations of censorship

Main articles: Censorship in Russia and Internet censorship in Russia

The service has been repeatedly accused[78][79][80] in attempts to censor the internet and violate freedom of speech by blocking websites and services under the pretext of refusing to transfer data to Russia[81] or “protecting children from harmful information”[82] or directly criticizing the activities of the Russian Government or Parliament. In particular, opposition media and activist websites such as Kasparov.ru, Grani.ru, Ej.ru (2014), and navalny.com (2018)[83], the first three of which were blocked due to “calls for illegal activity”[84]. Various messengers, such as, WeChat[85][86], which was used by truckers to coordinate a strike in 2015[87].

Under threat of blocking, in December 2021 and February 2022, the agency forced several Russian media outlets to remove news stories based on investigations by Proekt (designated an undesirable organization) and FBK (designated an extremist organization). The investigations concerned real estate and other assets owned or used by high-ranking Russian officials and their families—specifically, Roscosmos CEO Dmitry Rogozin, presidential aide Vladimir Medinsky, State Duma deputy Leonid Slutsky, Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin, and Deputy Chairman of the Security Council Dmitry Medvedev.[88][89].

Law

Censorship and violation of the right to freedom of speech are prohibited by Article 29 of the Russian Constitution.[90], However, paragraph 4 provides an exception to the rule that the legislator has the right to restrict the right to disseminate information by federal law:

  1.  Everyone is guaranteed freedom of thought and speech..
  2.  Propaganda or agitation that incites social, racial, national, or religious hatred and enmity is prohibited. Propaganda of social, racial, national, religious, or linguistic superiority is prohibited..
  3.  No one may be forced to express their opinions and beliefs or to renounce them..
  4.  Everyone has the right to freely seek, receive, transmit, produce, and disseminate information by any legal means. The list of information constituting a state secret is determined by federal law..
  5.  Freedom of the media is guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited..


In March 2014, in connection with the disappearance of FAN information from Google search results, Roskomnadzor announced that it[91][92]

… stands guard over freedom of speech and does everything possible to prevent any manifestation of censorship.

In 2016, the head of the service, Alexander Zharov, stated that “…we don’t have any censorship,” since, in his opinion, websites are blocked after the publication of information, and not before.

#RussianCensorFiles

In 2022, the Belarusian hacker group “Cyberpartisans” hacked employees of the Main Radio Frequency Center (GRChTs), a subsidiary of Roskomnadzor. They transferred two terabytes of data to journalists from a German publication. Süddeutsche Zeitung, «iStories» and other Russian media[93][94][95]. According to journalists, these leaks indicate that “this low-profile structure plays a key role in the state’s total surveillance of Russians on the internet.”[96].

Sanctions

On December 16, 2022, amid Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Roskomnadzor was added to the EU sanctions list.[97]. The sanctions were cited as being motivated by Roskomnadzor’s imposition of strict military censorship, restricting access to independent information about Russia’s war against Ukraine and requiring media outlets to use only official government information. The agency banned the terms “war” and “invasion,” suppressed reports on casualties, blocked major social media platforms, and persecuted dissenting media outlets. Thus, according to the European Union, the agency “is responsible for effectively facilitating actions that undermine or threaten the territorial integrity, sovereignty, and independence of Ukraine.”[98].

Since July 7, 2022, Roskomnadzor has been under sanctions by Canada as an organization of disinformation and propaganda.[99][100][101]. Since October 19, 2022, he has been under Ukrainian sanctions.[102]. Has been under Swiss sanctions since December 21, 2022.[103].

Roskomnadzor head Andrei Lipov is under international sanctions from the European Union, Canada, and several other countries for his support of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, in particular “for decisions that led to the censorship and closure of independent Russian media.”.

Litigation

Fraud case

In October 2017, the Russian Investigative Committee charged several Roskomnadzor employees with fraud under Article 165 of the Russian Criminal Code (Causing property damage by deception or abuse of trust). The investigation alleged that the defendants had caused 56 million rubles in damages to the state through the fictitious employment of individuals at the Main Radio Frequency Center (GUP Glavny Radio Chromaty Center). According to investigators, the defendants illegally received double salaries from the GUP between 2012 and 2017. Roskomnadzor itself has described this as a common practice in ministries and agencies, used to inflate salaries. The defendants included Boris Yedidin, head of the agency’s legal department; Vadim Ampelonsky, press secretary for Roskomnadzor; Anastasia Zvyagintseva, general director of the Main Radio Frequency Center; her adviser, Alexander Veselchakov; and Oksana Chernyshenko, an employee. The case was initially investigated as embezzlement on a large scale (Part 4, Article 160 of the Criminal Code), but was later reclassified under the more lenient Article 285 (abuse of office).[104]

During the investigation, press secretary Vadim Ampelonsky was under house arrest for almost a year, and only in September 2018 was he released on his own recognizance, after which he returned to work at Roskomnadzor. The criminal case was in the process of being reviewed by the defendants when an investigator from the Main Directorate for Investigating Particularly Important Cases of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation abruptly interrupted the proceedings, resuming the preliminary investigation. Article 285 of the Russian Criminal Code prescribes a significant violation of the rights and legitimate interests of an organization, and since the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Main Radio Frequency Center, as the injured party, did not acknowledge its position as such and did not file any claims against the defendants, the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation dismissed the criminal case in December 2018 due to lack of evidence of a crime.[105].

The company’s lawsuit Google

On May 11, 2021, the Moscow Arbitration Court accepted a lawsuit against Roskomnadzor filed on April 23 by the American company Google LLC over the agency’s demand to remove 12 links to “illegal content” on YouTube that contained “calls” for participation in January protests in support of politician Alexei Navalny.[106]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Russian: Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций, romanized: Federalnaya sluzhba po nadzoru v sfere svyazi, informatsionnykh tekhnologiy i massovykh kommunikatsiy
  2. ^ Russian: Роскомнадзор (РКН)

References

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Further reading