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Naturally occurring silver (47Ag) is composed of the two stable isotopes 107Ag and 109Ag in almost equal proportions, with 107Ag being slightly more abundant (51.839% natural abundance). Notably, silver is the only element with multiple NMR-active isotopes all having spin 1/2. Thus both 107Ag and 109Ag nuclei produce narrow lines in nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.[4]

40 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 105Ag with a half-life of 41.29 days, 111Ag with a half-life of 7.43 days, and 112Ag with a half-life of 3.13 hours.

All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than an hour, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 3 minutes. This element has numerous meta states, with the most stable being 108mAg (half-life 439 years), 110mAg (half-life 249.86 days) and 106mAg (half-life 8.28 days).

Known isotopes of silver range in atomic weight from 92Ag to 132Ag. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 107Ag, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay. The primary decay products before 107Ag are palladium (element 46) isotopes and the primary products after are cadmium (element 48) isotopes.

The palladium isotope 107Pd decays by beta emission to 107Ag with a half-life of 6.5 million years. Iron meteorites are the only objects with a high enough palladium/silver ratio to yield measurable variations in 107Ag abundance. Radiogenic 107Ag was first discovered in the Santa Clara meteorite in 1978.

The discoverers[who?] suggest that the coalescence and differentiation of iron-cored small planets may have occurred 10 million years after a nucleosynthetic event. 107Pd versus 107Ag correlations observed in bodies, which have clearly been melted since the accretion of the Solar System, must reflect the presence of live short-lived nuclides in the early Solar System.

List of isotopes


Nuclide
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass (Da)[5]
[n 2][n 3] 		Discovery
year[6][7] 		Half-life[1]
[n 4] 		Decay
mode[1]
[n 5] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 6][n 7] 		Spin and
parity[1]
[n 8][n 4] 		Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy[n 4] Normal proportion[1] Range of variation
92Ag 47 45 91.95971(43)# 2016 1# ms
[>400 ns] 		β+? 92Pd
p? 91Pd
93Ag 47 46 92.95019(43)# 1995 228(16) ns β+? 93Pd 9/2+#
p? 92Pd
β+, p? 92Rh
94Ag 47 47 93.94374(43)# 1994 27(2) ms β+ (>99.8%) 94Pd 0+#
β+, p (<0.2%) 93Rh
94m1Ag 1350(400)# keV 2002 470(10) ms β+ (83%) 94Pd (7+)
β+, p (17%) 93Rh
94m2Ag 6500(550)# keV 2002 400(40) ms β+ (~68.4%) 94Pd (21+)
β+, p (~27%) 93Rh
p (4.1%) 93Pd
2p (0.5%) 92Rh
95Ag 47 48 94.93569(43)# 1994 1.78(6) s β+ (97.7%) 95Pd (9/2+)
β+, p (2.3%) 94Rh
95m1Ag 344.2(3) keV 2003 <0.5 s IT 95Ag (1/2−)
95m2Ag 2531.3(15) keV 2003 <16 ms IT 95Ag (23/2+)
95m3Ag 4860.0(15) keV 2003 <40 ms IT 95Ag (37/2+)
96Ag 47 49 95.93074(10) 1982 4.45(3) s β+ (95.8%) 96Pd (8)+
β+, p (4.2%) 95Rh
96m1Ag[n 9] 0(50)# keV 2003 6.9(5) s β+ (85.1%) 96Pd (2+)
β+, p (14.9%) 95Rh
96m2Ag 2461.4(3) keV 2011 103.2(45) μs IT 96Ag (13−)
96m3Ag 2686.7(4) keV 2011 1.561(16) μs IT 96Ag (15+)
96m4Ag 6951.8(14) keV 2011 132(17) ns IT 96Ag (19+)
97Ag 47 50 96.923881(13) 1978 25.5(3) s β+ 97Pd (9/2)+
97mAg 620(40) keV 2020 100# ms IT? 97Ag 1/2−#
98Ag 47 51 97.92156(4) 1978 47.5(3) s β+ 98Pd (6)+
β+, p (.0012%) 97Rh
98mAg 107.28(10) keV 2017 161(7) ns IT 98Ag (4+)
99Ag 47 52 98.917646(7) 1967 2.07(5) min β+ 99Pd (9/2)+
99mAg 506.2(4) keV 1978 10.5(5) s IT 99Ag (1/2−)
100Ag 47 53 99.916115(5) 1970 2.01(9) min β+ 100Pd (5)+
100mAg 15.52(16) keV 1980 2.24(13) min IT? 100Ag (2)+
β+? 100Pd
101Ag 47 54 100.912684(5) 1966 11.1(3) min β+ 101Pd 9/2+
101mAg 274.1(3) keV 1975 3.10(10) s IT 101Ag (1/2)−
102Ag 47 55 101.911705(9) 1960 12.9(3) min β+ 102Pd 5+
102mAg 9.40(7) keV 1967 7.7(5) min β+ (51%) 102Pd 2+
IT (49%) 102Ag
103Ag 47 56 102.908961(4) 1954 65.7(7) min β+ 103Pd 7/2+
103mAg 134.45(4) keV 1962 5.7(3) s IT 103Ag 1/2−
104Ag 47 57 103.908624(5) 1955 69.2(10) min β+ 104Pd 5+
104mAg 6.90(22) keV 1959 33.5(20) min β+ (>99.93%) 104Pd 2+
IT (<0.07%) 104Ag
105Ag 47 58 104.906526(5) 1939 41.29(7) d β+ 105Pd 1/2−
105mAg 25.468(16) keV 1969 7.23(16) min IT (99.66%) 105Ag 7/2+
β+ (.34%) 105Pd
106Ag 47 59 105.906663(3) 1937 23.96(4) min β+ 106Pd 1+
β−? 106Cd
106mAg 89.66(7) keV 1938 8.28(2) d β+ 106Pd 6+
IT? 106Ag
107Ag[n 10] 47 60 106.9050915(26) 1923 Stable 1/2− 0.51839(8)
107mAg 93.125(19) keV 1946 44.3(2) s IT 107Ag 7/2+
108Ag[8] 47 61 107.9059502(26) 1937 2.382(11) min β− (97.15%) 108Cd 1+
EC (2.57%) 108Pd
β+ (0.283%)
108mAg[8] 109.466(7) keV 1960 439(9) y EC (91.3%) 108Pd 6+
IT (8.7%) 108Ag
109Ag[n 11] 47 62 108.9047558(14) 1923 Stable 1/2− 0.48161(8)
109mAg[n 11] 88.0337(10) keV 1946 39.79(21) s IT 109Ag 7/2+
110Ag 47 63 109.9061107(14) 1937 24.56(11) s β− (99.70%) 110Cd 1+
EC (0.30%) 110Pd
110m1Ag 1.112(16) keV 1975 660(40) ns IT 110Ag 2−
110m2Ag 117.59(5) keV 1950 249.863(24) d β− (98.67%) 110Cd 6+
IT (1.33%) 110Ag
111Ag[n 11] 47 64 110.9052968(16) 1937 7.433(10) d β− 111Cd 1/2−
111mAg 59.82(4) keV 1957 64.8(8) s IT (99.3%) 111Ag 7/2+
β− (0.7%) 111Cd
112Ag 47 65 111.9070485(26) 1938 3.130(8) h β− 112Cd 2(−)
113Ag 47 66 112.906573(18) 1949 5.37(5) h β− 113mCd 1/2−
113mAg 43.50(10) keV 1958 68.7(16) s IT (64%) 113Ag 7/2+
β− (36%) 113Cd
114Ag 47 67 113.908823(5) 1958 4.6(1) s β− 114Cd 1+
114mAg 198.9(10) keV (1990)[n 12] 1.50(5) ms IT 114Ag (6+)
115Ag 47 68 114.908767(20) 1949 20.0(5) min β− 115mCd 1/2−
115mAg 41.16(10) keV 1958 18.0(7) s β− (79.0%) 115Cd 7/2+
IT (21.0%) 115Ag
116Ag 47 69 115.911387(4) 1958 3.83(8) min β− 116Cd (0−)
116m1Ag 47.90(10) keV 2005 20(1) s β− (93%) 116Cd (3+)
IT (7%) 116Ag
116m2Ag 129.80(22) keV 1971 9.3(3) s β− (92%) 116Cd (6−)
IT (8%) 116Ag
117Ag 47 70 116.911774(15) 1958 73.6(14) s β− 117mCd 1/2−#
117mAg 28.6(2) keV 1990 5.34(5) s β− (94.0%) 117mCd 7/2+#
IT (6.0%) 117Ag
118Ag 47 71 117.9145955(27) 1968 3.76(15) s β− 118Cd (2−)
118m1Ag 45.79(9) keV (1989)[n 13] ~0.1 μs IT 118Ag (1,2)−
118m2Ag 127.63(10) keV 1971 2.0(2) s β− (59%) 118Cd (5+)
IT (41%) 118Ag
118m3Ag 279.37(20) keV (1989)[n 13] ~0.1 μs IT 118Ag (3+)
119Ag 47 72 118.915570(16) 1975 2.1(1) s β− 119Cd (7/2+)
119mAg 33.5(3) keV[9] 1991 6.0(5) s β− 119Cd (1/2−)
120Ag 47 73 119.918785(5) 1971 1.52(7) s β− 120Cd 4(+)
β−, n (<.003%) 119Cd
120m1Ag[n 9] 0(50)# keV 2012 940(100) ms β−? 120Cd (0−, 1−)
IT? 120Ag
β−, n? 119Cd
120m2Ag 203.2(2) keV 1971 384(22) ms IT (68%) 120Sn 7(−)
β− (32%) 120Cd
β−, n? 119Cd
121Ag 47 74 120.920125(13) 1982 777(10) ms β− (99.92%) 121Cd 7/2+#
β−, n (0.080%) 120Cd
122Ag[10] 47 75 121.9235420(56) 1978 550(50) ms β− 122Cd (1−)
β−, n? 121Cd
122m1Ag[10] 303.7(50) keV 2000 200(50) ms β− 122Cd (9−)
β−, n? 121Cd
IT? 122Ag
122m2Ag 171(50)# keV 2013 6.3(1) μs IT 122Ag (1+)
123Ag 47 76 122.92532(4) 1976 294(5) ms β− (99.44%) 123Cd (7/2+)
β−, n (0.56%) 122Cd
123m1Ag 59.5(5) keV 2019 100# ms β− 123Cd (1/2−)
β−, n? 122Cd
123m2Ag 1450(14)# keV 2013 202(20) ns IT 123Ag
123m3Ag 1472.8(8) keV 2009 393(16) ns IT 123Ag (17/2−)
124Ag 47 77 123.9289318(74)[11] 1984 177.9(26) ms β− (98.7%) 124Cd (2−)
β−, n (1.3%) 123Cd
124m1Ag 188.2(25) keV[11] 2014 144(20) ms β− 124Cd (8−)[11]
β−, n? 123Cd
124m2Ag 155.6(5) keV 2013 140(50) ns IT 124Ag (1+)
124m3Ag 231.1(7) keV 2012 1.48(15) μs IT 124Ag (1−)
125Ag 47 78 124.9310029(43)[11] 1994 160(5) ms β− (88.2%) 125Cd (9/2+)
β−, n (11.8%) 124Cd
125m1Ag 97.1(5) keV 2019 50# ms β−? 125Cd (1/2−)
IT? 125Ag
β−, n? 124Cd
125m2Ag 1501.2(6) keV 2009 491(20) ns IT 125Ag (17/2−)
126Ag 47 79 125.93481(22)# 1994 52(10) ms β− (86.3%) 126Cd 3+#
β−, n (13.7%) 125Cd
126m1Ag 100(100)# keV 1995 108.4(24) ms β− 126Cd 9−#
IT? 126Ag
β−, n? 125Cd
126m2Ag 254.8(5) keV 2012 27(6) μs IT 126Ag 1−#
127Ag 47 80 126.93704(22)# 1995 89(2) ms β− (85.4%) 127Cd (9/2+)
β−, n (14.6%) 126Cd
127mAg 1938(17) keV 2021 67.5(9) ms β− (91.2%) 127Cd (27/2+)
IT (8.8%) 127Ag
128Ag 47 81 127.94127(32)# 2000 54(4) ms[12] β− (80%) 128Cd (9−)[12]
β−, n (20%) 127Cd
β−, 2n? 126Cd
128mAg[12] 2053.9+Z keV 2025 1.60(7) μs IT 128Ag (16−)
129Ag 47 82 128.94432(43)# 2000 49.9(35) ms β− (>80%) 129Cd 9/2+#
β−, n (<20%) 128Cd
130Ag 47 83 129.95073(46)# 2000 40.6(45) ms β− 130Cd 1−#
β−, n? 129Cd
β−, 2n? 128Cd
131Ag 47 84 130.95625(54)# 2013 35(8) ms β− (90%) 131Cd 9/2+#
β−, 2n (10%) 129Cd
β−, n? 130Cd
132Ag 47 85 131.96307(54)# 2015 30(14) ms β− 132Cd 6−#
β−, n? 131Cd
β−, 2n? 130Cd
This table header & footer:
  1. ^ mAg – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ^ a b c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  5. ^ Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture


    IT: Isomeric transition
    n: Neutron emission
    p: Proton emission
  6. ^ Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
  7. ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  8. ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  9. ^ a b Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
  10. ^ Used to date certain events in the early history of the Solar System
  11. ^ a b c Fission product
  12. ^ Only published in a conference proceeding and not a refereed journal.
  13. ^ a b Half-life only estimated, not included in discovery database

See also

Daughter products other than silver

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). “The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties” (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ^ “Standard Atomic Weights: Silver”. CIAAW. 1985.
  3. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). “Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)”. Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. ^ “(Ag) Silver NMR”.
  5. ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). “The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*”. Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  6. ^ FRIB Nuclear Data Group. “Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isotope Database”. doi:10.11578/frib/2279152.
  7. ^ FRIB Nuclear Data Group. “Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isomer Database”. doi:10.11578/frib/2572219.
  8. ^ a b Blachot, Jean (October 2000). “Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 108”. Nuclear Data Sheets. 91 (2): 135–296. Bibcode:2000NDS….91..135B. doi:10.1006/ndsh.2000.0017.
  9. ^ Kurpeta, J.; Abramuk, A.; Rząca-Urban, T.; Urban, W.; Canete, L.; Eronen, T.; Geldhof, S.; Gierlik, M.; Greene, J. P.; Jokinen, A.; Kankainen, A.; Moore, I. D.; Nesterenko, D. A.; Penttilä, H.; Pohjalainen, I.; Reponen, M.; Rinta-Antila, S.; de Roubin, A.; Simpson, G. S.; Smith, A. G.; Vilén, M. (14 March 2022). “β – and γ -spectroscopy study of Pd 119 and Ag 119”. Physical Review C. 105 (3) 034316. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.105.034316.
  10. ^ a b Jaries, A.; Stryjczyk, M.; Kankainen, A.; Ayoubi, L. Al; Beliuskina, O.; Canete, L.; de Groote, R. P.; Delafosse, C.; Delahaye, P.; Eronen, T.; Flayol, M.; Ge, Z.; Geldhof, S.; Gins, W.; Hukkanen, M.; Imgram, P.; Kahl, D.; Kostensalo, J.; Kujanpää, S.; Kumar, D.; Moore, I. D.; Mougeot, M.; Nesterenko, D. A.; Nikas, S.; Patel, D.; Penttilä, H.; Pitman-Weymouth, D.; Pohjalainen, I.; Raggio, A.; Ramalho, M.; Reponen, M.; Rinta-Antila, S.; de Roubin, A.; Ruotsalainen, J.; Srivastava, P. C.; Suhonen, J.; Vilen, M.; Virtanen, V.; Zadvornaya, A. (2024). “Isomeric states of fission fragments explored via Penning trap mass spectrometry at IGISOL”. Physical Review C. 110 (3) 034326. arXiv:2403.04710. Bibcode:2024PhRvC.110c4326J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.110.034326.
  11. ^ a b c d Ruotsalainen, J.; Nesterenko, D. A.; Stryjczyk, M.; Kankainen, A.; Al Ayoubi, L.; Beliuskina, O.; Canete, L.; Chauveau, P.; de Groote, R. P.; Delahaye, P.; Eronen, T.; Flayol, M.; Ge, Z.; Geldhof, S.; Gins, W.; Hukkanen, M.; Jaries, A.; Kahl, D.; Kumar, D.; Moore, I. D.; Nikas, S.; Penttilä, H.; Pitman-Weymouth, D.; Raggio, A.; Rinta-Antila, S.; de Roubin, A.; Vilen, M.; Virtanen, V. A.; Winter, M. (16 April 2025). “High-precision mass measurements of the ground and isomeric states in Ag 124, 125”. Physical Review C. 111 (4) 044314. arXiv:2408.14181. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.111.044314.
  12. ^ a b c Luo, D. W.; Zhang, J. Z.; Li, Z. H.; Cheng, Y. Y.; Hua, H.; Watanabe, H.; Lorusso, G.; Yuan, C. X.; Nishimura, S.; Baba, H.; Benzoni, G.; Browne, F.; Chae, K. Y.; Chen, Z. Q.; Crespi, F. C. L.; Doornenbal, P.; Fukuda, N.; Gernhäuser, R.; Gey, G.; Guo, C. Y.; Inabe, N.; Isobe, T.; Jiang, D. X.; Jin, Y.; Jung, H. S.; Jungclaus, A.; Kameda, D.; Kim, G. D.; Kim, Y. K.; Kojouharov, I.; Kondev, F. G.; Kubo, T.; Kurz, N.; Kwon, Y. K.; Lane, G. J.; Li, X. Q.; Lou, J. L.; Montaner-Pizá, A.; Moschner, K.; Naqvi, F.; Ni, L.; Niikura, M.; Nishibata, H.; Odahara, A.; Orlandi, R.; Patel, Z.; Podolyák, Zs.; Sakurai, H.; Schaffner, H.; Simpson, G. S.; Söderström, P.-A.; Steiger, K.; Sumikama, T.; Suzuki, H.; Takeda, H.; Taprogge, J.; Vajta, Zs.; Wendt, A.; Wu, H. Y.; Wu, J.; Xu, C.; Xu, Z. Y.; Yagi, A.; Ye, Y. L.; Yoshinaga, K.; Zhang, S. Q.; Zhang, S. Y.; Zhou, Z. X. (12 June 2025). “Seniority Structure in Neutron-Rich Nucleus Ag 128 : Evidence for Robustness of N = 82 Shell Closure in Silver Isotopes” (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 134 (23) 232502. Bibcode:2025PhRvL.134w2502L. doi:10.1103/wq9m-trj8. hdl:10261/397406. PMID 40577732.