Shirt a Phobia

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Not to be confused with Hindi, Sandhi, or Sinti.

The orthography of the letter hāʾ in Sindhi, especially as it comes to typing as opposed to handwriting, has been a source of confusion for many. Especially because whereas in Arabic and Persian, there exists one single letter for hāʾ, in Urdu, the letter has diverged into two distinct variants: gol he (“round he”) and do-cašmi he (“two-eyed he”). The former is written is written round and zigzagged as “ہـ ـہـ ـہ ہ“, and can impart the “h” (/ɦ/) sound anywhere in a word, or the long “a” or the “e” vowels (/ɑː/ or /eː/) at the end of a word. The latter is written in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop) (ھ), in order to be used in digraphs and to create the aspirate consonants.

For most aspirated consonants, Sindhi relies on unique letters as opposed to the Urdu practice of digraphs. However, this doesn’t apply to all aspirated consonants. Some are still written as digraphs. The letter hāʾ is also used in Sindhi to represent the sound [h] in native Sindhi words, in Arabic and Persian loanwords, and to represent vowels (/ə/ or /əʰ/) at the end of the word. The notations and conventions in Sindhi are different from those of either Persian or Arabic and from those of Urdu. Given the variety of types of hāʾ across these languages for which Unicode characters have been designed, for the letters to be displayed correctly when typing, a correct and consistent convention needs to be followed. The following table will present these in detail.[102][103]

Unicode Letter or Digraphs IPA Note Examples
Final Medial Initial Isolated
U+06BE ـھ‎ ـھـ‎ ھـ‎ ھ‎ [h] دوھَ⹁ ھُو⹁ مھينن⹁ ويھُ‎
U+0647 ـه‎ [h] Used for borrowed words وحدهُ لا⹁ والله‎
U+062C +
U+0647 		ـجهہ‎ ـجهـ‎ جهـ‎ جهہ‎ [d͡ʑʰ] In isolated and final positions, an extra hāʾ ـہ‎ (U+06C1) is added ٻاجَهہ⹁ اُجِهي⹁ منجهان⹁ ڪُجهہ‎
U+06AF +
U+0647 		ـگهہ‎ ـگهـ‎ گهـ‎ گهہ‎ [ɡʱ] گهہ⹁ گهوٽُ⹁ گهڻگُهرون⹁ سگهہ‎
U+0647 ـهہ‎ ـهـ‎ – [◌ʰ] Forming part of digraph for representation of other aspirated consonants ([ɽʰ], [lʱ], [mʰ], [nʰ], [ɳʰ]). In isolated and final positions, an extra hāʾ ـہ‎ (U+06C1) is added ٻنهي⹁ ٿالهہ‎
U+06C1 ـہ‎ – ہ‎ [ə] / [əʰ] / [∅] نہ‎

The punctuation of Sindhi Perso-Arabic script differs slightly from that of Urdu, Persian, and Arabic. Namely, instead of using the typical inverted comma (،‎ [U+060C]) common in these mentioned alphabet, a reversed comma (⹁‎ [U+2E41]) is used, although many documents do indeed incorrectly use Urdu punctuations.[104]

Comparison of Punctuations
Full Stop Comma ‌ Semicolon
Sindhi .‎ ⹁‎ ⁏‎
Urdu ۔‎ ،‎ ؛‎
Persian/Arabic .‎
Farsi (perso-Arabic) or Shikarpuri Sindhi.

Devanagari script

In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi.[105] A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India, a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script.[106] Devanagari was seen as the most practical option for the Sindhi language in India.[3] Diacritical bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and dots called nukta are used to form other additional consonants.

अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ
ə a ɪ i ʊ uː e ɛ o ɔ
क ख ख़ ग ॻ ग़ घ ङ
k kʰ x ɡ ɠ ɣ ɡʱ ŋ
च छ ज ॼ ज़ झ ञ
t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰ d͡ʑʰ ʄ z d͡ʑ ɲ
ट ठ ड ॾ ड़ ढ ढ़ ण
ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɗ ɽ ɖʱ ɽʱ ɳ
त थ द ध न
t tʰ d dʱ n
प फ फ़ ब ॿ भ म
p pʰ f b ɓ bʱ m
य र ल व
j r l ʋ
श ष स ह
ʂ ʂ s h

Laṇḍā scripts

Laṇḍā-based scripts, such as Gurmukhi, Khojki, and the Khudabadi script, were used historically to write Sindhi.

Khudabadi

Main article: Khudabadi script


The Khudabadi alphabet was invented in 1550 CE, and was used alongside other scripts by the Hindu community until the colonial era, where the sole usage of the Arabic script for official purposes was legislated.

The script continued to be used on a smaller scale by the trader community until the Partition of India in 1947.[108]

Vowels
𑊰
IPA: ə
𑊱
IPA: a
𑊲
IPA: ɪ
𑊳
IPA: i
𑊴
IPA: ʊ
𑊵
IPA: uː
𑊶
IPA: e
𑊷
IPA: ɛ
𑊸
IPA: o
𑊹
IPA: ɔ
Consonants
𑊺
IPA: k
𑊻
IPA: kʰ
𑊼
IPA: ɡ
𑊽
IPA: ɠ
𑊾
IPA: ɡʱ
𑊿
IPA: ŋ
𑋀
IPA: c
𑋁
IPA: cʰ
𑋂
IPA: ɟ
𑋃
IPA: ʄ
𑋄
IPA: ɟʱ
𑋅
IPA: ɲ
𑋆
IPA: ʈ
𑋇
IPA: ʈʰ
𑋈
IPA: ɖ
𑋉
IPA: ɗ
𑋋
IPA: ɖʱ
𑋊
IPA: ɽ
𑋌
IPA: ɳ
𑋍
IPA: t
𑋎
IPA: tʰ
𑋏
IPA: d
𑋐
IPA: dʱ
𑋑
IPA: n
𑋒
IPA: p
𑋓
IPA: pʰ
𑋓𑋩
IPA: f
𑋔
IPA: b
𑋕
IPA: ɓ
𑋖
IPA: bʱ
𑋗
IPA: m
𑋘
IPA: j
𑋙
IPA: r
𑋚
IPA: l
𑋛
IPA: ʋ
𑋜
IPA: ʂ
𑋝
IPA: s
𑋞
IPA: h
Numerals
0
𑋰
1
𑋱
2
𑋲
3
𑋳
4
𑋴
5
𑋵
6
𑋶
7
𑋷
8
𑋸
9
𑋹

Khojki

Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects.[105][109]

Gurmukhi

The Gurmukhi script was also used to write Sindhi, mainly in India by Hindus.[108][105]

Roman Sindhi

See also: Romanisation of Sindhi

The Sindhi-Roman script or Roman-Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by the Sindhis when texting messages on their mobile phones.[110][111]

Sample text

Below is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human rights in the various sripts used to write Sindhi:[112]

Perso-Arabic Script

دفعه ١۔ سمورا انسان آزاد ۽ عزت ۽ حقن جي حوالي کان برابر پيدا ٿيا آھن. انھن کي عقل ۽ ضمير حاصل ٿيو آھي، ان ڪري انھن کي ھڪ ٻئي سان ڀائيچاري وارو سلوڪ اختيار ڪرڻ گھرجي.‎

Khudabadi

𑋏𑋓𑋩𑊰 𑋱: 𑋝𑋗𑋤𑋙𑋠 𑊲𑋟𑋝𑋠𑋑 𑊱𑋂𑋩𑋠𑋏 𑊷𑋟 𑊲𑋂𑋩𑋪𑋂𑋩𑋍 𑊷𑋟 𑋞𑊺𑋩𑋑 𑋂𑋢 𑋞𑋛𑋠𑋚𑋥 𑊻𑋠𑋟 𑋔𑋙𑋠𑋔𑋙 𑋒𑋦𑋏𑋠 𑋎𑋡𑋘𑋠 𑊱𑋞𑋡𑋑. 𑊲𑋑𑋪𑋞𑋑 𑊻𑋥 𑊰𑊺𑋩𑋪𑋚 𑊷𑋟 𑋂𑋩𑋗𑋢𑋙 𑋞𑋠𑋝𑋡𑋚 𑋎𑋡𑋘𑋧 𑊱𑋞𑋥, 𑊲𑋑 𑊺𑋙𑋥 𑊲𑋑𑋪𑋞𑋑 𑊻𑋥 𑋞𑋡𑊺 𑋕𑋡𑊶 𑋝𑋠𑋟 𑋖𑋠𑊳𑋀𑋠𑋙𑋥 𑋛𑋠𑋙𑋧 𑋝𑋣𑋚𑋤𑊺 𑊲𑊻𑋩𑋪𑋍𑋡𑋘𑋠𑋙 𑊺𑋙𑋌 𑊾𑋣𑋙𑋂𑋥।

Devanagari

दफ़अ १: समूरा इंसान आज़ाद ऐं इज़्ज़त ऐं हक़न जी हवाले खां बराबर पैदा थिया आहिन। इन्हन खे अक़्ल ऐं ज़मीर हासिल थियो आहे, इन करे इन्हन खे हिक ॿिए सां भाईचारे वारो सुलूक इख़्तियार करण घुरजे॥

Khojki

𑈛𑈠𑈶𑈀 ૧: 𑈩𑈤𑈯𑈦𑈬 𑉀𑈴𑈩𑈬𑈞 𑈁𑈐𑈶𑈬𑈛 𑈅𑈴 𑉀𑈐𑈶𑈷𑈙 𑈅𑈴 𑈪𑈿𑈞 𑈐𑈮 𑈪𑈨𑈬𑈧𑈰 𑈉𑈬𑈴 𑈡𑈦𑈬𑈡𑈦 𑈟𑈱𑈛𑈬 𑈚𑈭𑈥𑈬 𑈁𑈪𑈭𑈞𑈻 𑉀𑈞𑈵𑈪𑈞 𑈉𑈰 𑈀𑈿𑈵𑈧 𑈅𑈴 𑈐𑈶𑈤𑈮𑈦 𑈪𑈬𑈩𑈭𑈧 𑈚𑈭𑈥𑈲 𑈁𑈪𑈰, 𑉀𑈞 𑈈𑈦𑈰 𑉀𑈞𑈵𑈪𑈞 𑈉𑈰 𑈪𑈭𑈈 𑈢𑈭𑈄 𑈩𑈬𑈴 𑈣𑈬𑈂𑈎𑈬𑈦𑈰 𑈨𑈬𑈦𑈲 𑈩𑈯𑈧𑈯𑈈 𑉀𑈉𑈶𑈵𑈙𑈭𑈥𑈬𑈦 𑈈𑈦𑈘 𑈌𑈯𑈦𑈐𑈰𑈸𑈼

Romanisation

Dafa 1. Samūrā insān āzād aĩ ‘izzat aĩ haqan jī havālē khā̃ barābar paidā thiyā āhin. Inhan khē aqul aĩ zamīr hāsil thiyō āhē, in karē inhan khē hik ɓiē sā̃ bhāīchārē vārō sulūk ikhtiyār karaṇ ghurjē.

IPA Transliteration

d̪əfə eːk. səmuːɾaː ɪnsaːn aːzaːd̪ ɛ̃ ɪzːət̪ ɛ̃ həqən d͡ʒiː həʋaːleː kʰãː bəɾaːbəɾ pɛːd̪aː tʰɪjaː aːhɪn. ɪnʱən kʰeː əqʊl ɛ̃ zəmiːɾ haːsɪl tʰɪjoː aːheː, ɪn kəɾeː ɪnʱən kʰeː hɪk ɓɪ.eː sãː bʱaːiːt͡ʃaːɾeː ʋaːɾoː sʊluːk ɪxt̪ɪjaːɾ kəɾəɳ gʱʊɾd͡ʒeː

Translation

Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Advocacy

See also: 1972 Sindhi Language Bill

In 1972, a bill was passed by the provincial assembly of Sindh, which saw Sindhi given official status, thus becoming the first provincial language in Pakistan to have its own official status.

  • Sindhi language was made the official language of Sindh according to Language Bill.
  • All Educational institutes in Sindh are mandated to teach Sindhi as per the bill.

Software

By 2001, Abdul-Majid Bhurgri[failed verification] had coordinated with Microsoft to develop Unicode-based Software in the form of the Perso-Arabic Sindhi script, which afterwards became the basis for the communicated use by Sindhi speakers around the world.[113] In 2016, Google introduced the first automated translator for the Sindhi language.[114][115] Later on in 2023 an offline support was introduced by Google Translate.[116][117] Which was followed by Microsoft Translator strengthening support in May of same year.[118][119]

In June 2014, the Khudabadi script of the Sindhi language was added to Unicode, However as of now the script currently has no proper rendering support to view it in unsupported devices.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 2011 Indian Census, 2023 Pakistani Census.
  2. ^ In Pakistan, only the Perso-Arabic form of Sindhi is used.
  3. ^ /ˈsɪndi/ SIN-dee;[2]
    In some instances, the diasporic Sindhi population in India uses the Devanagari script to write the language in which ‘Sindhi’ is written as: सिन्धी
    In less commonly used scripts: ਸਿੰਧੀ (Gurmukhi), 𑈩𑈭𑈴𑈝𑈮 (Khojki), 𑋝𑋡𑋟𑋐𑋢 (Khudabadi)
  4. ^ Southern Pakistan constitutes the southern provinces, i.e. Sindh and Balochistan.
  5. ^ This is the number of people who identified their mother-tongue as “Sindhi”; it does not include speakers of related languages, like Kutchi.

References

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  2. ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
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