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This article is about the philosophical concept. For other uses of spiritualism, see Spiritualism (disambiguation).

In philosophy, spiritualism[a] is the concept, shared by a wide variety of systems of thought, that there is an immaterial reality that cannot be perceived by the senses.[3] This includes philosophies that postulate a personal God, the immortality of the soul, or the immortality of the intellect or will, as well as any systems of thought that assume a universal mind or cosmic forces lying beyond the reach of purely materialistic interpretations.[3]

Generally, any philosophical position, be it dualism, monism, atheism, theism, pantheism, idealism or any other, is compatible with spiritualism as long as it allows for a reality beyond matter.[3][4] Theism is an example of a dualist spiritualist philosophy, while pantheism is an example of monist spiritualism.[4]

As a philosophical tradition, spiritualism was especially associated with 19th- and early 20th-century French thought.[5]

Notable spiritualist thinkers

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Also neo-spiritualism,[1] spiritual realism[1] or French idealism[2] in the context of late modern French philosophy.

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Iannone, A. Pablo (2013). Dictionary of World Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134680436. Retrieved 5 January 2025. A particular form of spiritualism, frequently called neo-spiritualism, is that formulated by the French philosopher Jules Lachelier (CE 1834-1918), who was the teacher of the French philosophers Emile Boutroux (CE 1845-1921) and Henri Bergson (CE 1859-1941), both of whom are often also considered to exemplify neo-spiritualism. Lachelier advocated a form of spiritual realism whereby the spirit and spontaneity of humans provided an alternative to both idealism and materialism.
  2. ^ Laurence Jerrold, France: Her People And Her Spirit, Cosimo, 2006, p. 350.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Encyclopædia Britannica, “Spiritualism (in philosophy)”, britannica.com
  4. ^ a b William James (1977). A pluralistic universe. Harvard University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-674-67391-5.
  5. ^ Gary Gutting, French Philosophy in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 9; Tullio Viola, “Spiritualism as a Philosophy of Culture: Ravaisson and Boutroux” in Mark Sinclair (ed.), and Daniel Whistler (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern French Philosophy, Oxford UP, 2024, pp. 89–106.
  6. ^ Su-Young Park-Hwang (1998), L’habitude dans le spiritualisme français: Maine de Biran, Ravaisson, Bergson, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion.
  7. ^ Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Brahman to Derrida, Taylor & Francis, 1998, p. 10: “Victor Cousin’s eclectic spiritualism”.
  8. ^ McGrath, Larry S. (August 2015). “Alfred Fouillée between Science and Spiritualism”. Modern Intellectual History. 12 (2): 295–323. doi:10.1017/S147924431400050X.
  9. ^ Carroy, J.; Plas, R. (2000). “How Pierre Janet used pathological psychology to save the philosophical self”. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 36 (3): 231–240. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(200022)36:3<231::aid-jhbs2>3.0.co;2-i. PMID 10898888. Retrieved 13 January 2026.
  10. ^ Dupont, Christian (2013). Phenomenology in French Philosophy: Early Encounters. Springer Netherlands. p. 33. ISBN 9789400746411. Retrieved 5 January 2025.