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TIRAP (TIR domain containing adaptor protein), also known as MAL (MyD88 adaptor-like protein) is an adapter protein associated with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), specifically TLR2 and TLR4. The innate immune system recognizes microbial pathogens through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Different TLRs recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns and all TLRs have a Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain, which is responsible for signal transduction. The protein encoded by this gene is a TIR adaptor protein involved in the TLR4 signaling pathway of the immune system. In TLR2 and TLR4, TIRAP is required for the MyD88-dependent pathway of immune signalling. In TLR2 and TLR4 signalling, TIRAP facilitates MyD88 recruitment which allows for downstream activation of NF-kappa-B, MAPK1, MAPK3 and JNK, which then results in cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response. Alternative splicing of this gene results in several transcript variants; however, not all variants have been fully described.

Signaling pathway of toll-like receptors. Dashed grey lines represent unknown associations

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000150455 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000032041 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ “Human PubMed Reference:”. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ “Mouse PubMed Reference:”. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.