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Tindi is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken in the Russian republic of Dagestan. Tindis have no individual designation for their language, but those living in the village of Idar call their language Idarab mitstsi meaning ‘the language of the Idar village’. It is only an oral language; Avar or Russian are used in written communication instead.[2] Tindi vocabulary contains many loanwords from Avar, Turkish, Arabic, and Russian.[3] It has approximately 4,500 speakers.[1]

Phonology

Vowels

There are 20 phonemic vowels in Tindi.[4][5]

Front Central Back
Close i iː u uː
Mid e eː o oː
Open a aː

Nasalized vowels may also exist as /ĩ, ẽ, ã, õ, ũ/ and as long-nasalized /ĩː, ẽː, ãː, õː, ũː/.

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn-
geal 		Glottal
central lateral central palatalized
lenis fortis lenis fortis lenis fortis lenis fortis lenis fortis lenis fortis
Nasal m n
Plosive voiceless p t k kː kʲ kʲː
ejective tʼ kʼ kʲʼ ʔ
voiced b d ɡ ɡʲ
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡sː t͡ʃ t͡ʃː t͡ɬː q͡χː
ejective t͡sʼ t͡sʼː t͡ʃʼ t͡ʃʼː t͡ɬʼː q͡χʼː
Fricative voiceless s sː ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː ç χ χː ħ h
voiced z ʒ ʁ ʕ
Trill r
Approximant w l j

Orthography

Tindi is typically unwritten. A 2003 dictionary uses the following orthography:[6]

А а А̄ а̄ Аᵸ аᵸ А̄ᵸ а̄ᵸ Б б В в Г г Г’ г’ Гъ гъ
Гь гь ГӀ гӀ Д д Е е Еᵸ еᵸ Е̄ е̄ Ж ж Дж дж З з
И и Ӣ ӣ Иᵸ иᵸ Ӣᵸ ӣᵸ Й й К к Кк кк К’ к’ Кк’ кк’
КӀ кӀ КӀ’ кӀ’ Л л Лъ лъ Лъ’ лъ’ Ллъ ллъ ЛӀ лӀ М м Н н
О о О̄ о̄ Оᵸ оᵸ П п С с C̄ c̄ Т т ТӀ тӀ У у
Ӯ ӯ Уᵸ уᵸ Ӯᵸ ӯᵸ Х х Хх хх Хъ хъ Хь хь Хь’ хь’ ХӀ хӀ
Ц ц Цц цц ЦӀ цӀ Ч ч Чч чч Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Э э

References

  1. ^ a b Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
  2. ^ Tindi language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  3. ^ Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-136-14266-6.
  4. ^ “Грамматика тиндинского языка | Малые языки России”. minlang.iling-ran.ru. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
  5. ^ “Тиндинский язык | Малые языки России”. minlang.iling-ran.ru. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
  6. ^ Магомедова П. Т. Тиндинско-русский словарь. Махачкала, 2003. Большая российская энциклопедия (in Russian).
  • Magomedbekova, Z. M. (2001). “Tindinskij Jazyk”. Yazyki mira: Kavkazskie Yazyki. Moskva: Academia. pp. 283–291.