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A treaty of friendship, also known as a friendship treaty, is a common generic name for any treaty establishing close ties between countries. Friendship treaties have been used for agreements about use and development of resources, territorial integrity, access to harbours, trading lanes and fisheries, and promises of cooperation. Whilst not common, there are some treaties agreeing to some forms of military alliance which have use friendship terminology in their titles,[1] as well as some non-aggression pacts. Additionally, friendship treaties have also signalled an independent relationship with emerging states.[2]

History

Ancient Greeks distinguished between three different types of friendships between two polities: Philiai, symmachia, and epimachia. Both symmachia and epimachia were types of alliances, with the former committing States to support each other in battle and the latter requiring parties to assist each other if one suffered an invasion. Philiai, then, made the important distinction of denoting friendship between polities but did not give the treaty partners the status of allies. Romans had a similar word amicitia, which was a state of diplomatic relations which could coexist with an alliance, or exist without it. The Romans employed a practice of establishing peace and friendship with polities on its peripheries, though in practice these relationships were usually built on unequal treaties, requiring the neighbour to support Rome militarily, though not necessarily the reverse.[1]

In most cases, the friendship treaties are not based on equal partnership. This is particularly the case in treaties between aboriginal nations and the colonizers, both in America and in the Pacific, throughout the Colonial era. These treaties, often written primarily in the language of the coloniser, manipulated the terminology of friendship by the larger powers in order to create an environment of trust, primarily for the benefit of themselves. While promising protection in return for these benefits, the treaties are more subtle ways of accessing resources for commercial exploitation of smaller nations.[1]

Since the early 2000s, friendship in international relations has been under closer analysis. Whilst friendship terminology had always been used in discourse and diplomacy, the analysis of friendship in international relations had been dismissed as merely being synonymous with good relations. In 2007, Felix Berenskoetter called for the inclusion of friendship analysis into international relations and since then a modest body of literature around the concept has been formed.[3][4]

Terminology

In the Soviet Union, Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance or Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимопомощи) was a standard Russian language reference to various treaties both internally, between the Soviet Republics, and externally, with countries considered friendly. This terminology is still in use for some post-Soviet states. The terminology was used in many so-called “friendship treaties” the Soviet Union made, but also was used in the Warsaw Pact.[5]

In the United States, these types of treaties are commonly a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation. More than a hundred “Treaties of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation” have been signed since independence. Since 1946, these treaties have dealt with commercial matters concerned with the protection of persons, natural and juridical, and of the property and interests of such persons. They define the treatment each country owes the nationals of the other; their rights to engage in business and other activities within the boundaries of the former; and the respect due them, their property and their enterprises.[5]

List of friendship treaties

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.
List of Friendship Treaties
Signatories Treaty Date signed
Electorate of Hanover
Russian Empire		 Treaty of Friendship of Hanover [de] 3 July 1710
Mosquito Nation
Great Britain		 Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 16 March 1740
France
United States		 Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France) 6 February 1778
Prussia
United States		 Treaty of Amity and Commerce (Prussia–United States)[6] 10 September 1795
Morocco
United States		 Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship 28 June 1786
Ottoman Empire
United States		 Treaty of Tripoli (Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary) 4 November 1796
Johor
United Kingdom		 Singapore Treaty of Friendship and Alliance[7] 6 February 1819
Johor
United Kingdom		 Crawfurd Treaty (Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Honourable East India Company, and the Sultan and the Temenggong of Johore)[8][9] 2 August 1824
Argentina
United Kingdom		 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Between Argentina and the United Kingdom 1825
Hawaii
United States		 Hawaii-United States Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation 1849
Brunei
United States		 Brunei–United States Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation 23 June 1850
Japan
United Kingdom		 Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty 14 October 1854
Argentina
Prussia (Zollverein)		 Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty Between the German Zollverein and the Argentine Confederation[10] 19 September 1857
Japan
Prussia		 Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan[11][12] 24 January 1861
China
Prussia		 Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty between Prussia and China [de] 2 September 1861
Prussia (Zollverein)
Thailand Siam		 Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty Between the German Zollverein and Thailand[13][14] 7 February 1862
Liberia
North Germany (Zollverein)		 Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty Between the North German Confederation and the Republic of Liberia [Wikisource:de] 31 October 1867
Japan
North Germany (Zollverein)		 Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty Between the German Zollverein and Japan [Wikisource:de] 20 February 1869
Mexico
North Germany (Zollverein)		 Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty Between the North German Confederation and the United States of Mexico [Wikisource:de] 28 August 1869
Serbia
United Kingdom		 Anglo–Serbian Treaty of Friendship and Commerce[15] 7 February 1870
North Germany (Zollverein)
El Salvador		 Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty Between the German Zollverein and El Salvador [Wikisource:de] 13 June 1870
German Empire
Persia		 Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty Between the German Empire and Persia [Wikisource:de] 11 June 1873
Costa Rica
German Empire		 Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty Between the German Empire and Costa Rica [Wikisource:de] 18 May 1875
German Empire
Tonga		 Treaty of Friendship between the German Empire and Tonga [de] 1 November 1876
German Empire
Samoa		 Treaty of Friendship Between the German Empire and Samoa [Wikisource:de] 24 January 1879
German Empire
Hawaiian Kingdom		 Friendship, Commerce, Navigation Consular Treaty Between the German Empire and the Hawaiian Kingdom [Wikisource:de] 10 February 1880
Korea
United States		 United States–Korea Treaty of 1882 22 May 1882
German Empire
Mexico		 Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty Between the German Empire and the United States of Mexico [Wikisource:de] 5 December 1882
German Empire
Joseon		 Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty Between the German Empire and the Kingdom of Korea [Wikisource:de] 26 November 1883
German Empire
Zanzibar		 Friendship, Commerce, Navigation and Consular Treaty Between the German Empire and the Sultanate of Zanzibar [Wikisource:de] 20 December 1885
German Empire
South African Republic		 Friendship and Commerce Treaty Between the German Empire and the South African Republic [Wikisource:de] 22 January 1886
Ecuador
German Empire		 Treaty of Friendship Between the German Empire and Ecuador [Wikisource:de] 28 March 1887
German Empire
Guatemala		 Friendship, Commerce, Navigation and Consular Treaty Between the German Empire and Guatemala [Wikisource:de] 20 September 1887
German Empire
Honduras		 Friendship, Commerce, Navigation and Consular Treaty Between the German Empire and Honduras [Wikisource:de] 12 December 1887
German Empire
Ottoman Empire		 Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty Between the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire [Wikisource:de] 26 August 1890
Colombia
German Empire		 Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty Between the German Empire and Colombia [Wikisource:de] 23 July 1892
Brazil
Japan		 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan[16] 1895
German Empire
Nicaragua		 Friendship, Commerce Navigation, and Consular Treaty Between the German Empire and Nicaragua [Wikisource:de] 4 February 1896
German Empire
Orange Free State		 Friendship and Commerce Treaty Between the German Empire and the Orange Free State [Wikisource:de] 28 April 1897
Tonga
United Kingdom		 Treaty of Friendship between Tonga and the United Kingdom. 18 May 1900
Bolivia
Chile		 Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904) 20 October 1904
Ethiopian Empire
German Empire		 German-Ethiopian Friendship and Commerce Treaty [Wikisource:de] 7 March 1905
German Empire
Venezuela		 Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty Between the German Empire and Venezuela [Wikisource:de] 26 January 1909
Mongolia
Tibet		 Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet 11 January 1913
Persia
Russian SFSR		 Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship 26 February 1921
Turkey
Russian SFSR		 Treaty of Moscow (1921)[note 1] 16 March 1921
Mongolia
Russian SFSR		 Agreement between the Government of the RSFSR and the People’s Government of Mongolia on the Establishment of Friendly Relations between Russia and Mongolia[17] 5 November 1921
Germany
United States		 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America 8 December 1923
Russian SFSR
Tannu-Tuva		 Treaty between the RSFSR and the Tannu-Tuvan People’s Republic on the Establishment of Friendly Relations[18][19] 22 June 1925
Kingdom of Bulgaria
Turkey		 Treaty of Angora [bg] (Treaty of Friendship between Bulgaria and Turkey)[20] 18 October 1925
Germany
Soviet Union		 Treaty of Berlin (1926)[note 2] 24 February 1926
Mongolia
Tannu-Tuva		 Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Recognition[21][22] 16 August 1926
Kingdom of Italy
Ethiopian Empire		 Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928 (Italo–Ethiopian Treaty of Friendship and Arbitration) 2 August 1928
Portugal
Spain		 Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression 17 March 1939
Nazi Germany
Soviet Union		 German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation 23 August 1939
Nazi Germany
Turkey		 German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship 18 June 1941
Ecuador
Peru		 Rio Protocol aka Protocol of Friendship and Peace 29 January 1942
China
Soviet Union		 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 14 August 1945
China
United States		 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China 4 November 1946
Finland
Soviet Union		 Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 8 April 1948
India
Bhutan		 1949 Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship 9 August 1949
India
  Nepal		 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship 31 July 1950
Greece
Turkey
Yugoslavia		 Balkan Pact (1953) 28 February 1953
 Albania
 Bulgaria
 Czechoslovakia
 East Germany
 Hungary
 Poland
 Romania		 Warsaw Pact (Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance) 14 May 1955
 Iran
United States		 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights[note 3] 15 August 1955
China
 East Germany		 Treaty for Friendship and Cooperation Between the GDR and the People’s Republic of China[23] 25 December 1955
Netherlands
United States		 DAFT (Dutch-American Friendship Treaty) 27 March 1956
East Germany
 Mongolia		 Treaty for Friendship and Cooperation Between the GDR and the Mongolian People’s Republic[23] 22 August 1957
Indonesia
Malaya		 Treaty of Friendship between the Federation of Malaya and the Republic of Indonesia[24] 17 April 1959
North Korea
Soviet Union		 The DPRK-Soviet Union Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[25] 6 July 1961
China
North Korea		 Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty 11 July 1961
New Zealand
Samoa		 Treaty of Friendship 1 August 1962
France
West Germany		 Élysée Treaty aka Treaty of Friendship 22 January 1963
India
Soviet Union		 Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation August 1971
Bangladesh
India		 Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace 19 March 1972
Australia
Japan		 Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation 16 June 1976
Portugal
Spain		 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Portugal 2 November 1977
East Germany
Vietnam		 Treaty for Friendship and Cooperation Between the GDR and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam[23] 4 December 1977
China
Japan		 Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China 12 August 1978
Afghanistan
Soviet Union 		Soviet-Afghan Treaty of Friendship[26] 12 December 1978
 Angola
East Germany		 Treaty for Friendship and Cooperation Between the GDR and the People’s Republic of Angola[23] 24 February 1979
East Germany
 Mozambique		 Treaty for Friendship and Cooperation Between the GDR and the People’s Republic of Mozambique[23] 24 February 1979
Cambodia
Vietnam		 Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation[27] 1979
Kiribati
United States		 Treaty of Tarawa aka Treaty of Friendship Between the United States of America and the Republic of Kiribati 20 September 1979
 Ethiopia
East Germany		 Treaty for Friendship and Cooperation Between the GDR and Socialist Ethiopia[23] 15 November 1979
East Germany
South Yemen		 Treaty for Friendship and Cooperation Between the GDR and the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen[23] 15 November 1979
Cambodia
East Germany		 Treaty for Friendship and Cooperation Between the GDR and the People’s Republic of Kampuchea[23] 18 March 1980
Cuba
East Germany		 Treaty for Friendship and Cooperation Between the GDR and the Republic of Cuba[23] 18 March 1980
Equatorial Guinea
Spain		 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Equatorial Guinea of 1980 23 October 1980
 Afghanistan
East Germany		 Treaty for Friendship and Cooperation Between the GDR and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan[23] 21 May 1982
East Germany
Laos		 Treaty for Friendship and Cooperation Between the GDR and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic[23] 22 September 1982
East Germany
North Korea		 Treaty for Friendship and Cooperation Between the GDR and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea[23] 1 June 1984
Argentina
Chile		 Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina 29 November 1984
Russia
Germany		 Treaty of Neighbourhood, Partnership and Cooperation 5 July 1991
Finland
Russia		 Neighborhood agreement (Naapuruussopimus [fi]) on Friendship, Basics of relationships, Territorial integrity and Cooperation[28] 20 January 1992
Kazakhstan
Russia		 Kazakh-Russian Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[29] 25 May 1992
Tajikistan
Russia		 Russia-Tajikistan Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[30] 25 May 1993
Russia
Ukraine		 Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty 31 May 1997
North Korea
Russia		 North Korea-Russia Treaty of 2000 [ja] 9 February 2000
China
Russia		 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship 16 July 2001
Italy
Libya		 2008 Treaty of Benghazi[31] 30 August 2008
Bulgaria
North Macedonia		 Treaty of Friendship, Good-Neighbourliness and Cooperation [bg; mk] 1 August, 2017
Germany
United Kingdom		 Kensington Treaty (Treaty between the United Kingdom […] and […] Germany on Friendship and Bilateral Cooperation) 17 July 2025
  1. ^ The preamble of the treaty stating that it is a “Treaty of Friendship and Brotherhood”
  2. ^ The term used is freundschaftlich.
  3. ^ Article 1: There shall be firm and enduring peace and sincere friendship between the United States of America and Iran.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Devere, Heather; Mark, Simon; Verbitsky, Jane (2011-12-01). “The Language of Friendship in International Treaties”. International Politics. 48. doi:10.1057/ip.2010.34.
  2. ^ Devere, Heather (2014). “Friendship in International Treaties”. Friendship and International Relations. pp. 182–198. doi:10.1057/9781137396341_10. ISBN 978-1-349-48459-1.
  3. ^ “Friendship and Positive Peace: Conceptualising Friendship in Politics and International Relations (in Politics and Governance)”. ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
  4. ^ Berenskoetter, Felix (2007-09-01). “Friends, There Are No Friends? An Intimate Reframing of the International”. Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 35 (3): 647–676. doi:10.1177/03058298070350031501. ISSN 0305-8298.
  5. ^ a b Walker, Herman. “Modern treaties of friendship, commerce and navigation”. Minnesota Law Review.
  6. ^ Schnelling-Reinicke, Ingeborg. “Der Freundschafts- und Handelsvertrag Preußens mit den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika von 1785” (PDF). Historische Kommission zu Berlin. 100 Schlüsselquellen zur Geschichte von Berlin, Brandenburg und Preußen (in German). Retrieved 3 April 2026.
  7. ^ “Treaty of Friendship and Alliance”. www.roots.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  8. ^ “1824 Treaty of Friendship and Alliance | Infopedia”. eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  9. ^ “Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Honourable East India Company, and the Sultan and the Temenggong of Johore (1824)”. Jus Mundi. 1824-08-02.
  10. ^ Kroyer, Silvia (2010). “Der Beginn der bilateralen diplomatischen Beziehungen in der Formationsphase der Nationalstaaten (1810-1871)” (PDF). Die Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und Argentinien (in German). pp. 55, 62, 72. ISBN 978-3-86527-597-4. ISSN 0067-8015.
  11. ^ “160 Jahre diplomatische Beziehungen mit Japan”. Federal Foreign Office (in German).
  12. ^ Bericht der Finanzkomission über den zwischen Preußen und Japan abgeschlossenen Handels-, Freundschafts- und Schifffahrtsvertra vom 24. Januar 1861 (Report) (in German). Prussian House of Lords. 17 July 1862. p. 63–4.
  13. ^ “Partner für nachhaltige Entwicklung: 160 Jahre diplomatische Beziehungen mit Thailand”. Federal Foreign Office (in German). 7 July 2022.
  14. ^ “Thai-Deutsche Beziehungen”, Royal Thai Embassy in Berlin (in German), 13 Dec 2023
  15. ^ Karlicic, Miljkan (2021). “An Overview of The History of Serbian-British Relations” (PDF). p. 46. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  16. ^ Ninomiya, Masato O centenário do Tratado de Amizade, Comércio e Navegação entre Brasil e Japão November 18, 2011
  17. ^ Graivoronsky, V. V. (2021). “От Соглашения О Дружественных Отношениях К Договору О Всеобъемлющем Стратегическом Партнерстве” (PDF). “Мөнгө, санхүү, баялаг” (in Russian): 74–77.
  18. ^ Minaev, Alexander. “Tuva far and near”. old.redstar.ru. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  19. ^ “Нимачап Монгуш, шеминский мудрец”. tuvaonline.ru (in Russian). 22 June 2012.
  20. ^ TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN BULGARIA AND TURKEY. SIGNED AT ANGORA, OCTOBER 18, 1925 (PDF), October 18, 1925
  21. ^ Cahoon, Ben. “Tannu Tuva”. worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  22. ^ “Монголии было тяжело смириться с потерей Тувы”. asiarussia.ru (in Russian). 1 August 2016.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l “Verträge der Deutsche Demokratische Republik”. Verfassungen der Welt (in German).
  24. ^ Treaty of Friendship between the Federation of Malaya and the Republic of Indonesia.
  25. ^ Studies), Marie DuMond (Center for Strategic and International. “1961 Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Between…” www.documentcloud.org. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  26. ^ Whitney, Craig R. (1978-12-06). “20-Year Treaty Moves Afghans Closer to Soviet”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  27. ^ Pobzeb Vang, Five Principles of Chinese Foreign Policies
  28. ^ Lukacs, John (1992). “Finland Vindicated”. Foreign Affairs. 71 (4): 50–63. doi:10.2307/20045309. JSTOR 20045309.
  29. ^ “Russia-Kazakhstan | Russia-Kazakhstan relations | The Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Kazakhstan”. www.rfembassy.kz. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  30. ^ “Relations of Tajikistan with Russia | Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan”. mfa.tj. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  31. ^ Ronzitti, Natalino. “The Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya: New Prospects for Cooperation in the Mediterranean?” (PDF). www.gla.ac.uk. Bulletin of Italian Politics Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009, 125-133.